沙特政教关系变革与社会话语重构  

Political-Religious Reform and Reconstruction of Social Discourse in Saudi Arabia

作　　者：孙晓雯 佘纲正 Sun Xiaowen;She Gangzheng(Institute of Buddhist and Religious Theory,Renmin University of China;Department of International Relations,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学佛教与宗教学理论研究所 [2]中国人民大学哲学院 [3]清华大学社会科学学院国际关系学系 [4]清华大学海外安全研究中心

出　　处：《国际关系研究》2023年第6期129-151,M0007,M0008,共25页Journal of International Relations

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目(项目编号:21XNF051)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：长期以来,沙特阿拉伯奉瓦哈比派教义为国教,在政治领域和公共生活中践行瓦哈比派传统及其价值观。为实现经济多元化并解决社会发展中的一系列问题,萨勒曼父子在掌权后推出了“2030愿景”改革战略。推进这一目标既需要相对集中的政治权力,又需要打造一个更加开放、多元、包容的社会氛围,因而也就与瓦哈比派保守、排他的教条传统相悖。由此,以穆罕默德·本·萨勒曼王储为核心推手,沙特开始自上而下推动政教关系的变革,并尝试塑造新的社会话语:一方面,利用“温和伊斯兰”概念消解传统的保守宗教理念在国家政治和社会文化领域的主导权,并通过倡导各宗教和文明之间的和谐共处,展现一种平等、多元的姿态;另一方面,建构“国族”观念来强调服从国王和王储、热爱国家,试图以“国族”而非宗教为纽带将沙特各方力量以王权为核心黏合为一体。通过分析沙特政教关系改革的具体举措、“温和伊斯兰”和“国族主义”话语建构的内涵、动力和制约因素,本文发现沙特近年来的政教关系调整与社会话语重构既服务和助推了其国内政治与经济改革,也为其尝试缓和与稳定地区局势的外交行动提供了便利条件。然而这些成果是否可以长期延续,很大程度上取决于改革努力能否真正成为沙特国家制度的一部分。Saudi Arabia has long adopted Wahhabism as its dominant faith and practiced Wahhabi values in its political field and public life.After King Salman took power,he and the crown prince Muhammad bin Salman launched Vision 2030 to diversify the economy and address problems in social development.This Vision required not only a more concentrated power but an open,pluralistic,and inclusive society that was at odds with the conservative and exclusive Wahhabi dogma.As a result,with Muhammad bin Salman as the driving force,Saudi Arabia began to promote political-religious reform from the top down,advocating moderate Islam and nationalistic discourse,while shelving and marginalizing Wahhabism.Moderate Islam advocates cultural diversity and harmonious coexistence among religions,showing an egalitarian and pluralistic posture.Nationalistic discourse emphasizes obedience to the throne and patriotism to unite all forces in Saudi Arabia with nationality rather than religion as the bond.Through analyzing the specific measures of Saudi Arabia's political-religious reform,the connotation and motivation of moderate Islam and nationalistic discourse,this paper points out that although Saudi Arabia's new discourse has achieved remarkable results in the short term,the long-term continuation of these results may depend on whether it can transcend the personal charisma of MBS and truly become a part of the state system.

关 键 词：沙特阿拉伯 中东政治 政教关系 国族主义 温和伊斯兰 

分 类 号：D738.4[政治法律—政治学]