当代西方马克思主义思潮的嬗变及其核心问题意识  

The Evolution of ContemporaryWestern Marxism and Its Main Research Issues

作　　者：夏莹[1] Xia Ying(School of Humanities,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院哲学系,北京100084

出　　处：《浙江社会科学》2024年第1期102-115,159,共15页Zhejiang Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目《当代西方马克思主义的资本主义批判理论范式转变研究》(项目号:22&ZD018);北京市社科基金重大项目《当代西方马克思主义对资本主义新形态的批判研究》(项目号:20ZDA24)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：以西方马克思主义百年发展的时间逻辑为主线,在阐发其代表人物及其历史事件所构筑的思想嬗变的过程中,提炼出主导西方马克思主义发展的核心问题:即指向革命主体(性)的建构以及其革命的可能性条件的前提性批判。其中,着重探讨了早期批判理论伴随着资本主义生产方式的变迁,特别是国家资本主义的诞生所带来的对马克思政治经济学批判路径的扬弃。彰显西方马克思主义在面向资本主义批判过程中的理论得失,其中将对经济结构的批判转向了对政治和文化的批判是其理论在当代失去批判的根本原因。基于此,以二十世纪七十年代为界,西方马克思主义思想家们呈现出两种不同的批判路径:其一,建立在“需要体系”基础上以劳动和资本的对抗为核心展开的批判;其二则是资本逻辑成为显性逻辑后由“欲望体系”所构筑的主体生成性批判。西方马克思主义理论与资本主义发展新形态的同步演进,不仅体现出批判理论面对资本逻辑试图保持的自觉意识的抗争,也为今天马克思主义理论面向资本逻辑所展开的批判带来了更多借鉴和思考。Taking the temporal logic of the century long development of Western Marxism as the main thread,in the process of elucidating the ideological evolution constructed by its representative figures and historical events,the core issue that dominates the development of Western Marxism is extracted:the premise criticism that points to the construction of revolutionary subjectivity and its possible conditions for revolution.Among them,the focus is on exploring the early critical theories that accompanied the changes in capitalist production methods,especially the sublation of the critical path of Marxist political economy brought about by the birth of state capitalism.Highlighting the theoretical gains and losses of Western Marxism in the process of criticizing capitalism,the fundamental reason for its theory’s loss of criticism in contemporary times is the shift from criticism of economic structure to criticism of politics and culture.Based on this,in the 1970s as a boundary,Western Marxist thinkers presented two different critical paths:firstly,criticism based on the“system of needs”and centered on the confrontation between labor and capital;the second is the subjective generative criticism constructed by the“desire system”after the capital logic becomes explicit logic.The synchronous evolution of Western Marxist theory and the new forms of capitalist development not only reflects the resistance of critical theory to the consciousness it attempts to maintain in the face of capital logic,but also brings more reference and consideration to the criticism of Marxist theory towards capital logic today.

关 键 词：西方马克思主义 批判理论 政治经济学批判 主体性 

分 类 号：B089.1[哲学宗教—哲学理论]