沼液配施化肥对大葱产量和土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的影响  

Effects of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer on Allium fistulosum yields,soil nutrients,microorganisms,and enzymes activities

作　　者：温云杰 张纪涛 李琳 王琦[2] 刁风伟 高敏 王秀红 史向远[1] WEN Yunjie;ZHANG Jitao;LI Lin;WANG Qi;DIAO Fengwei;GAO Min;WANG Xiuhong;SHI Xiangyuan(Shanxi Academy of Organic Dryland Agriculture,Shanxi Agriculture University/Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture(Co-construction by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Shanxi Province)/Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture,Taiyuan 030031,China;Pomology Institute,Shanxi Agriculture University,Taiyuan 030031,China;College of Resources and Environment,Shanxi Agricultural University,Jinzhong 030801,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学山西有机旱作农业研究院/农业农村部有机旱作农业重点实验室/有机旱作农业山西省重点实验室,太原030031 [2]山西农业大学果树研究所,太原030031 [3]山西农业大学资源环境学院,晋中030801

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报（中英文）》2024年第1期95-105,共11页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：山西农业大学省部共建有机旱作农业国家重点实验室项目(202001-2);山西省重点研发计划项目(202102140601012);山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021212413);山西农业大学(山西农业科学院)农业科研创新工程(YGC2019TD07)资助。

摘　　要：明确沼液替代化肥的合适比例以及沼液对大葱产量和土壤养分、微生物含量以及酶活性的影响,可为沼液的合理施用提供理论依据。试验设计了不施肥(CK)、化肥(CF)、沼液替代25%化肥氮(25BS)、沼液替代50%化肥氮(50BS)、沼液替代75%化肥氮(75BS)、沼液替代100%化肥氮(100BS)6个处理,分析了大葱产量及土壤养分含量、磷脂脂肪酸含量和碳氮磷循环相关酶活性,并通过偏最小二乘法路径模型(PLS-PM)探究上述指标的因果关系。结果表明,与CK相比,CF和各沼液处理(25BS、50BS、75BS和100BS)均能显著提高大葱产量(P<0.05),并且大葱产量随沼液替代化肥比例的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,其中50BS处理的大葱产量最高,达59.9 t·hm^(−2)。施用沼液可有效改善土壤养分状况,与CK相比,施用沼液显著提高土壤有机碳(SOC,19.5%~65.8%)、全氮(TN,40.5%~69.6%)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+),26.8%~77.4%)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(−),30.1%~41.9%)、速效磷(AP,10.5%~40.6%)、速效钾(AK,5.4%~8.5%)含量。施用沼液可有效提高土壤微生物含量以及土壤酶活性,与CK相比,施用沼液显著提高细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的磷脂脂肪酸含量(P<0.05),降低了革兰氏阳性细菌∶革兰氏阴性细菌的比例(P<0.05),有助于提高土壤碳、氮、磷相关循环酶活性(P<0.05);但是,随着沼液替代比例的增加,细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌、总磷脂脂肪酸含量以及碳、氮、磷相关循环酶活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势(P<0.05)。PLS-PM分析表明,沼液通过增加SOC、TN、NH_(4)^(+)、NO_(3)^(−)、AP含量,进而提高土壤微生物含量以及碳、氮循环酶活性,并提升大葱产量,但是过量的沼液可导致土壤电导率升高,并对土壤微生物活性和大葱生长产生抑制效果。本研究表明,短期施用沼液可显著提高大葱产量,有效改善土壤养分状况,并有利于土壤微生物含量以及酶活性提高,其中以沼液替代50%化肥氮The study aimed to determine the optimal ratio of biogas slurry to chemical fertilizer and the effects of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer on Allium fistulosum yields,soil nutrients levels,microorganism contents,and enzyme activities.The field experiment comprised six treatments:no fertilization(CK),chemical fertilizer(CF),25%substitution inorganic N by biogas slurry N(25BS),50%substitution inorganic N by biogas slurry N(50BS),75%substitution inorganic N by biogas slurry N(75BS),and 100%substitution inorganic N by biogas slurry N(100BS).A.fistulosum yields,soil nutrients contents,phospholipid fatty acids(PLFA)contents,and activities of enzymes involved in C,N,and P cycling were investigated.Using the partial least squares path model(PLS-PM),the variations in these parameters to elucidate their internal correlations were explored.The results indicated that CF and biogas slurry(25BS,50BS,75BS,and 100BS)treatments significantly increased A.fistulosum yield compared to CK(P<0.05),with increases of 37.2%,75.9%,118.9%,99.8%,and 59.3%,respectively.Furthermore,as the substitution percentage of inorganic N by biogas slurry N increased,the yields showed a tendency of increasing initially and then decreasing,with the highest yield of 59.9 t·hm^(−2)observed for the 50BS treatment.The application of biogas slurry was effective in improving soil nutrients contents.Compared to CK,the biogas slurry significantly increased the contents of soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),ammoniacal nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)),nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(−)),available phosphorus(AP),and available potassium by 19.5%–65.8%,40.5%–69.6%,26.8%–77.4%,30.1%–41.9%,10.5%–40.6%,and 5.4%–8.5%,respectively.The application of biogas slurry resulted in a notable enhancement in soil microbial contents and enzymes activities.Compared to CK,the biogas slurry significantly increased the PLFA contents of bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes(P<0.05),while concurrently reducing the ratio of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria.This shif

关 键 词：沼液 土壤肥力 土壤微生物 土壤酶活性 大葱 

分 类 号：S158[农业科学—土壤学] S182[农业科学—农业基础科学]