从沙普尔一世罗马征伐看早期萨珊帝国对外政策与国家战略  

Shapur I’s Roman Expedition:A Preliminary Investigation on the Foreign Policy and State Strategy of Early Sasanian Empire

作　　者：龙沛 Long Pei

机构地区：[1]西北大学中东研究所 [2]西北大学文化遗产学院

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2023年第4期108-134,292,293,共29页The World History Review

基　　金：国家社科基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项2021年度重大招标项目“新编中东国家通史(多卷本)”(项目批准号:LSYZD21021)子课题“新编中东国家通史·伊朗卷”;陕西省教育厅哲学社会科学重点研究基地项目“罗马波斯战争与古代晚期中东文明转型研究”(项目编号:22JZ060)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：244—261年沙普尔一世对罗马帝国的三次战争是早期萨珊帝国辉煌武功的顶点,奠定了古代晚期罗马波斯战争模式的基本形态。沙普尔一世对罗马帝国的掠夺性侵攻作战具有深厚的动机考量和历史背景渊源,而罗马史家和传统学界对萨珊帝国战争动机的解读并不准确。戈尔迪安三世的死因、瓦勒良被俘后的结局、安条克陷落的经过以及罗马战俘士兵和平民在波斯的安置等许多具体历史事件的原因和经过表明,萨珊帝国对罗马发动的战争并不以恢复波斯帝国旧疆为战略目标。沙普尔一世西征罗马的真正动机是掠夺罗马帝国东地中海诸省的人力和物质资源,并以之用于波斯两河流域京畿地区的大规模城市建设,从而打造以波斯湾北岸工商业城市为核心的经济贸易网络。从长时段背景来看,沙普尔一世在位期间萨珊波斯帝国与罗马帝国之间的三次战争,是对2世纪罗马—帕提亚战争中罗马不断东扩态势的主动回应。沙普尔一世的罗马征伐在削弱罗马帝国实力、加剧罗马“3世纪危机”的同时,也有效强化了萨珊王权的政治经济基础,丰富了萨珊帝国多元共生的族群文化格局,对于后世萨珊君主的对外政策和国家战略亦影响深远。Shapur I’s three wars against the Roman Empire from 244 to 261 AD were the culmination of the early Sassanian Empire’s brilliant martial arts and laid the foundation for the pattern of late ancient Roman-Persian warfare.Shapur I had a profound motivation and historical background for the predatory attacks of the Roman Empire,but the interpretation of Sasanian motivation by Roman historians and traditional scholars is not accurate.The cause and process of many specific historical events,such as the death of Gordian Ⅲ,the outcome of Valerian’s capture,the fall of Antioch,and the settlement of Roman prisoners of war soldiers and civilians in Persia,show that the Sasanian Empire’s war against Rome did not take the restoration of the old territories of the Persian Empire as its strategic goal.The real motive of Shapur I’s western expedition to Rome was to plunder the human and material resources of the eastern Mediterranean provinces of the Roman Empire and use them to carry out large-scale urban construction in the core area of Persian Mesopotamia,so as to build an economic and trade network with industrial and commercial cities on the north coast of the Persian Gulf as the core.From a long-term perspective,the three wars between the Sassanid Persian Empire and the Roman Empire during the reign of Shapur I were active responses to Rome’s continuous eastward expansion during the Roman-Parthian Wars in the 2nd century.Shapur I’s Roman expeditions weakened the strength of the Roman Empire and intensified the“crisis of the 3rd century”of Rome,but also effectively strengthened the political and economic foundation of the Sassanid kingship,enriched the multi-symbiotic ethnic and cultural pattern of the Sasanian Empire,and had far-reaching influence on the foreign policy and national strategy of the later Sasanian monarchs.

关 键 词：萨珊帝国 罗马征伐 沙普尔一世 对外政策 国家战略 

分 类 号：K12[历史地理—历史学]