启动磷肥配合追施硫酸铵的根际调控技术提高膜下滴灌棉花磷肥效率和产量  

Rhizosphere management technology at the core of starter phosphorus fertilizer and ammonium sulfate topdressing increases lint yield and phosphorus efficiency in cotton production under mulched fertigation system

作　　者：彭懿 魏鑫[2] 徐建辉[2] 杨国江[3] 冯固[1] PENG Yi;WEI Xin;XU Jian-hui;YANG Guo-jiang;FENG Gu(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Institute of Economic Crops,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi,Xinjiang 830091,China;Research Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizer,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences,Shihezi,Xinjiang 832000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [2]新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐830091 [3]新疆农垦科学院农田水利与土壤肥料研究所,新疆石河子832000

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第12期2310-2321,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900102);国家自然科学基金项目(U1703232)。

摘　　要：【目的】针对新疆膜下滴灌棉花生产中磷肥投入过量、利用效率低、成本高等问题,探讨通过调整磷肥施用时间和增施铵态氮肥来增强棉花根际土壤供磷强度,提高磷肥吸收量,降低磷肥损失率,实现棉花的增产增收和磷肥增效。【方法】新疆主要棉花产区石河子、昌吉和农十师一八四团磷肥投入高于衡量监控推荐施肥量的26%~111%,玛纳斯县北五岔和六户地磷肥投入超出2.32~2.92倍,2020年在以上5个棉花生产区开展了田间对比试验。对照为各试验区棉花肥料习惯施用量和施用方法(CK),处理采用根际调控技术(RM)。RM技术根据目标产量确定磷肥用量,随出苗水滴施少量磷酸一铵与硫酸铵作为启动肥,在蕾期、花铃期集中滴施硫酸铵。棉花收获期,测定棉花产量及其构成因素,分析棉花养分吸收量、氮肥和磷肥偏生产力、磷肥盈余量,计算植棉效益。【结果】5个试验点RM处理和对照皮棉平均产量分别为3263 kg/hm^(2)和3292 kg/hm^(2),二者之间无显著差异,均达到了高产水平。RM处理棉花产量构成要素、植株各器官生物量分配以及氮、磷含量与CK也均无显著差异,但RM处理的磷肥偏生产力较CK显著提高了81.3%,磷盈余量平均降低了74.9%,昌吉试验点由于不基施磷肥,RM处理的磷盈余仅为P 3.6 kg/hm^(2)。皮棉目标产量为3.1~3.5 t/hm^(2)时,RM处理氮肥平均减施了16.6%,磷肥减施了56.5%,氮磷肥料成本降低了40.7%,节省2082元/hm^(2)。5个试验点RM处理的棉花净收益平均比CK增加了1845元/hm^(2)。在肥料投入高的北五岔和六户地试验点,氮、磷肥成本分别降低3993、4464元/hm^(2),净收益增加量分别达到2931、4367元/hm^(2)。【结论】在新疆主要植棉区采用根际调控技术,在确保棉花高产的同时,较习惯施肥技术减少了一半以上的磷肥投入,农田土壤磷输入输出基本平衡,植棉效益大幅增加,是新疆棉花施肥管理的良好�【Objective】Excessive phosphorus(P)fertilizer application is common in the cotton production of Xinjiang,causing low P efficiencies and low benefit of cotton production.We established a rhizosphere management technology to reduce the P fertilizer input and maintain the high yield of cotton at the same time.【Methods】In the five main cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)production areas inXinjiang,the phosphorous application amounts in Shihezi,Changji,and 184 tuan were 26%-111%beyond the recommondation,and in Beiwucha and Liuhudi were even 2.32 and 2.92 times of the recommondation.Comparison field experiments were employed in the five cotton production areas in 2020,taking the conventional P fertilizer practice as control(CK),and the rhizosphere management as treatment(RM).The core of the RM was determing P input by the cotton yield-target recommendation,most P fertilizer was basal applied and a certain amount of P and ammonium sulfate(AS)was applied before germination of cotton as starter fertilizer,and AS was topdressed with drip irrigation at bud and boll stage of cotton to induce rhizosphere acidification.The lint yield,and biomass of the organs were weighed at harvest,the N and P contents in the organs were analyzed,and the partial factor productivity of N(PFPN)and P(PFPP)fertilizer,P surplus and earnings were calculated,respectively.【Results】RM treatments were recorded similar lint yields(3263 kg/hm^(2))to CK(3292 kg/hm^(2)),without significant impaction on the aboveground biomass distribution,N and P uptake,and seed cotton P content,thereby increased PFPP by 81.3%.RM treatment reduced P surplus by 74.9%on average,the P surplus was as low as 3.6 kg/hm^(2)under RM treatment in experimental site Changji where no basal P fertilizer was applied.At the target lint yield level of 3.1-3.5 t/hm^(2),RM treatment reduced 16.6%of N and 56.5%of P fertilizer input,thus decreased N and P fertilizer cost by 40.7%,saving 2082 yuan/hm^(2),and increased net income by 1845 yuan/hm^(2).In the high fertilizer input sites Beiwucha

关 键 词：棉花 磷肥减施 硫酸铵 根际调控 磷肥利用率 磷盈余 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S275.6