明代海禁律令体系的法律性质澄清——兼驳明代闭关锁国论  

Clarification of the Legal Nature of the Maritime Prohibition System in the Ming Dynasty:Refutation of the Argument for Ming Dynasty's Isolation Policy

作　　者：王栋 徐祥民[2,3,4] Wang Dong;Xu Xiangmin

机构地区：[1]教育部人文社科重点研究基地中国海洋大学海洋发展研究院 [2]浙江工商大学 [3]中国法学会 [4]中国环境资源法学研究会

出　　处：《南大法学》2024年第1期116-129,共14页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“新时期中国海洋战略研究”(项目批准号:13JZD041)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《大明律》“海禁条”是用于和平管理的关津管理法,由皇帝临时发布的“海禁诏令”是紧急状态法。前者不是后者的立法依据,后者也不是前者的执行法。明朝并不存在“律令一致”的海禁法律体系。《唐律》“出关之禁”禁“出”物的种类与《明律》“出境之禁”禁“出”物之比是14∶9;《唐律》“对人之禁”比《明律》的规定更加严苛。《明律》丝毫不比《唐律》封闭。朱元璋并未建立实行“海禁”的祖制,其后代子孙并非个个都颁布或执行了“海禁诏令”;几代皇帝颁布的“海禁诏令”都因不再需要实行海禁而被废除。明朝的“海禁诏令”主要是为应对反明势力和倭寇的军事进攻或袭扰而颁布的,都是军事性的临时措施。明朝在《唐律》关“禁”管理制度基础上创设包含关“禁”和海“禁”的海关管理制度、创设对外国贸易的市场、在外贸管理上采取“票号文引”等管理措施,这些都是对“海洋贸易”的积极顺应。The“Sea Ban Decree”in the Da Ming Law is a management law for peaceful management in Guanjin,and the“Sea Ban Decree”temporarily issued by the emperor is a state of emergency law.The former is not the legislative basis for the latter,nor is the latter the enforcement law of the former.There was no maritime prohibition system that laws and regulations are consistent in the Ming Dynasty.The ratio of the types of prohibited“exit”items in the Tang Law to those of prohibited“exit”items in the Ming Law is 14∶9.The“prohibition on people”in the Tang Law is more stringent than the provisions in the Ming Law.The Ming Law is no less closed than the Tang Law.Hongwu Emperor did not establish a patriarchal system to implement the“maritime prohibition”,and not all of his descendants issued or executed the“Sea Ban Decree”.The“Sea Ban Decree”issued by several generations of emperors were abolished because they had no more need of maritime prohibition.The“Sea Ban Decree”of the Ming Dynasty was mainly issued in response to military attacks or harassment by anti-Ming forces and Japanese pirates,both of which were temporary military measures.The Ming Dynasty established a customs management system that includes customs and maritime prohibitions,established a market for foreign trade,and adopted management measures such as“ticket number citation”in foreign trade management based on the customs and maritime prohibitions management system of the Tang Law,all of which are positive responses to“maritime trade”.

关 键 词：海洋文化 海禁 大明律 闭关锁国 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] D929[历史地理—中国史]