论“婚姻家庭受国家保护”原则  

On the Principle of "Marriage and Family are Protected by the State"

作　　者：冉克平[1] Ran Keping

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2024年第1期180-191,共12页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目(21AZD030)“优化市场化法治化国际化营商环境研究”。

摘　　要：《民法典》新增的“婚姻家庭受国家保护”原则是对我国《宪法》第49条第1款规定的“婚姻、家庭、母亲、儿童受国家的保护”条款的具体落实。国家应当为保护婚姻家庭提供各项制度性保障,同时保障个人在家庭中的自由和平等。“婚姻家庭受国家保护”原则可以发挥宪法导向性解释与合法性审查的功能,其表达的婚姻家庭共同体主义的价值理念,有助于矫正极端个人主义和过度理性化的弊端。在内部关系上,婚姻自由受国家保护,立法应当尽可能地减少结婚的障碍,遵循结婚障碍谦抑原则;对登记离婚冷静期的适用边界进行目的性限缩。在外部关系上,在第三人侵扰他人婚姻关系时,可以参照适用人格权的保护规范,但是以过错方配偶与第三人具有重大过错为条件。为兼顾婚姻家庭保护与债权人的利益,夫或妻一方负债而其个人财产不足以清偿债务时,举债方及其配偶的婚后财产均推定为夫妻共同财产,负债方配偶可以提起执行异议之诉。The new principle of""marriage and family are protected by the state"added to the Civil Code is a concrete implementation of the provision of article 49,paragraph 1,of our Constitution Law that"marriage,family,mother and child are protected by the State".The state shall provide various institutional guarantees for the protection of marriage and family,and at the same time guarantee the freedom and equality of individuals in marriage and family.The principle of"marriage and family are protected by the state"can play the function of constitutional guidance interpretation and legality review,and the value concept of marriage and family communitarianism expressed by it can help correct the drawbacks of extreme individualism and excessive rationalization.In internal relations,the freedom of marriage is protected by the state,and the law should reduce obstacles to marriage and follow the principle of moderation of obstacles to marriage;limit the scope of application the cooling-off period for divorce.In external relations,when a third party intrudes on the marriage relationship of another person,reference may be made to the applicable norms for the protection of personality rights,but only if the spouse at fault and the third party are at serious fault.In order to balance the protection of marriage and family with the interests of creditors,if one of the spouses is in debt and his/her personal property is insufficient to settle the debt,the marital property of the debtor and his/her spouse is presumed to be community property,and the debtor spouse may file an enforcement objection lawsuit.

关 键 词：婚姻家庭保护 基本权利 共同体主义 离婚冷静期 侵扰婚姻 

分 类 号：D911.01[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]