地名证据下中国野生虎的历史分布与人虎关系演变  

The Toponymic Evidence for the Wild Tiger's Historical Range and Human-tiger Relationship in China

作　　者：纪小美 JI Xiaomei(School of Tourism,Nanchang University,Nanchang,330031,China)

机构地区：[1]南昌大学旅游学院,南昌330031

出　　处：《野生动物学报》2024年第1期138-147,共10页CHINESE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(22CSH022)。

摘　　要：利用地名的证据作用,应用空间计量与数理统计方法,描述了野生虎的历史分布,分析了虎地名的构词方式与表征地物,探讨了人虎关系的历史演变,关注了虎的生存状态、虎患及人类响应。地名证据发现:(1)历史上野生虎主要集中于湘东南、黔中、鄂西与辽中南地区的深山沟谷与密林中,其次是省界交汇地区;(2)主要栖居于低海拔、低起伏度与坡度平缓的林谷中,森林破坏与农田扩增导致虎生境的碎片化与领地的锐减;(3)生境破坏与习性改变引发虎群、虎与其他动物、虎与人因争夺有限的生存资源而激烈竞争,虎生存状态趋向恶化;(4)隋唐时期之前,虎地名村落的数量较为稳定,随后不断增加,明清时期达到顶峰,意味着人虎冲突程度越发激烈,虎患是天灾与人祸共同作用的结果;(5)明清以来,先进的猎杀技术促使人类在人虎冲突中越发激进,官方有组织的反击行动越发频繁,直接将野生虎推向灭绝的边缘。The paper used the evidence of toponyms,applied spatial econometric analysis and mathematical statistics method to explore such issues as:(1) the historical distribution of the wild tiger in China;(2) the word formation and representation of tiger-related toponyms;(3) the historical evolution in relationship between human beings and the wild tiger;and(4) the wild tiger' survival state,tiger-caused disaster and human's responses.Toponymic evidence indicates that:(1) Historically,the wild tiger mainly distributed in the mountains,valleys and dense forests in east-southern Hunan Province,the middle part of Guizhou Province,the western Hubei Province,and the south part of Liaoning Province as well as the intersection of provincial borders.(2) The wild tiger mainly inhabited in mountainous area covered by dense forest or bushes with relatively lower elevation,relief and gentle slope.Deforestation and farmland expansion resulted in tigers' habitat fragmentation and range compression.(3) Habitat destruction and behavioral transition engendered fierce competition for limited survival resources among tiger populations,between the wild tiger and other animals and human beings.The tiger's living condition tended to deteriorate.(4) Before the Sui and Tang dynasties,the number of tiger-related named village was relatively stable and then increased continuously,reaching its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties.It meant that the conflict between men and tigers was more and more intense and tiger-caused disaster was the joint result of natural and man-made disaster.(5) Since the Ming and Qing dynasties,the advanced hunting technology has made human increasingly aggressive in the conflict between men and tigers,and officially organized hunting has become more frequently,pushing tigers to the brink of extinction.

关 键 词：虎地名村落 历史分布 生境变迁 人虎关系 

分 类 号：Q985.2[生物学—人类学]