北京市职住失衡驱动因素研究及其对雄安新区规划的启示  

Research on Driving Factors of Work-Residence Imbalance in Beijing and Its Implications for the Planning of Xiong’an New Area

作　　者：马光明[1] MA Guangming(International School of Economics and Trade,Central University of Finance and Economics,Beijing 102200,China)

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学国际经济与贸易学院,北京102200

出　　处：《北京联合大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第1期21-35,共15页Journal of Beijing Union University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金青年项目“北京市职住失衡与城乡协调发展关联性研究”(项目编号:19YJC034);雄安新区哲学社会科学研究课题“建设职住平衡、城乡和谐新区的雄安方略--基于北京市的经验对比研究”(项目编号:XASK20220201)。

摘　　要：职住失衡是近年来国内城市治理领域常见的“大城市病”之一,北京市尤为典型与严重,其成因与治理经验对新城规划有重要借鉴意义。我们采用“昼夜人口比”作为职住失衡水平的测度,发现由于城市产业结构的空间布局由核心城区向外围郊区扩散的速度暂未能跟上人口向外围转移的速度,考察期内北京市整体职住失衡程度趋于加剧,核心城区越来越偏向工作区,而外围郊区尤其是近郊区县则愈加偏重居住功能。基于2005—2021年北京市16区县面板数据模型的一系列实证研究发现:区县房价收入比越高,该区县越倾向成为常住人口流出的工作区;而地铁开通以及教育、医疗、零售市场的发展则会吸引居住人口流入,使之更偏向于居住而非工作的“睡城”,且该影响在去除了密云、延庆、平谷三个远郊区县后更为显著;各因素对核心城区与近郊区职住比的影响存在显著差异。雄安新区等国内新城规划时应注意借鉴北京经验,通过在城市区域内多点均衡配置优质产业、平衡区域间房价与房租差距、设置网格状交通系统等措施预防严重职住失衡现象。Work-residence imbalance has become a prevalent symptom of the“big city ailment”in recent years within the field of urban governance.Beijing,as the most typical and severe case,holds significant implications for the planning of new cities based on its causes and experiences.Utilizing the“day-night population ratio”as a metric for assessing the level of work-residence imbalance,we observe that,due to the slower spatial diffusion of the city’s industrial structure from the core urban area to the peripheral suburbs compared to the speed of population migration to the outskirts,the overall work-residence imbalance in Beijing has tended to worsen over the study period.The core urban area is increasingly skewed towards the workplace,while the peripheral suburbs,especially the near suburban counties,are becoming more focused on residential functions.Through a series of empirical studies using panel data from the 16 districts and counties of Beijing spanning from 2005 to 2021,it was discovered that the higher the housing price-to-income ratio in a district or county,the more likely it is to become a workplace with permanent population outflow.Conversely,the opening of subways and the development of education,health,and retail markets in a district tend to attract residential population inflow,making it more inclined to be a“sleeping city”rather than a workplace.This impact is more significant after excluding the three distant suburban counties of Miyun,Yanqing,and Pinggu.Different factors exhibit a significant impact on the work-residence ratio in the core urban area compared to the near suburban area.In the planning of new cities such as Xiong’an New Area,it is crucial to draw insights from Beijing’s experience.Preventing severe work-residence imbalance can be achieved through the balanced allocation of high-quality industries across urban regions,ensuring equilibrium in housing prices and rent differences between regions,and implementing measures such as a grid-like transportation system.

关 键 词：城市规划 职住失衡 大城市病 产业结构 

分 类 号：F299.2[经济管理—国民经济] TU984.222.3[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]