违反强制性规定的侵权责任构成  

Constitutive Requirement of Tort Liability against Mandatory Provisions

作　　者：张红 ZHANG Hong

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《法学评论》2024年第1期85-97,共13页Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“完善正确处理新形势下人民内部矛盾之大调解制度研究”(项目编号:20AZD083)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自治与强制协力塑造法治,民法为此建立沟通机制。我国《民法典》总则编、合同编和物权编中设置诸多转介条款,但侵权责任编付之阙如,违反强制性规定影响侵权责任构成的判断机制亟待建立。着眼于强制性规定的自身特征与侵权责任的过错、因果关系的关联,可以建构其进入侵权法场域的法理路径。强制性规定筛选需综合有无具体行为义务、行为义务的风险防范功能、保护范围、法政策等判断。强制性规定中的行为义务具有表达民事权益的功能,设定行为义务时需考虑强行之可能,被违反时可推定行为人对权益侵害具有过错。强制性规定设定行为义务,会综合考量相关行为导致损害发生的客观概率与法律上的价值评价,与因果关系相当性判断的法理相通,当受害人及其损害属于强制性规定的保护范围时,可推定因果关系成立。强制性规定实现了私人监督与民事责任的强化,明确了行为自由的界限。裁判者不得混淆行政责任与侵权责任的责任基础,应权衡行为自由、权益保护与强制秩序间的关系。Autonomy and coercion work together to shape the rule of law,and civil law establishes a communication mechanism for this purpose.There are many referral clauses in the general part,contract part and property right part of China's Civil Code,but there are no such provisions in the tort liability part.Therefore,it is urgent to establish a judgment mechanism that violates the mandatory provisions and affects the composition of tort liability.Focusing on the relationship between the characteristics of mandatory provisions and the fault and causality of tort liability,we can construct a legal path for them to enter the field of tort law.The identification of mandatory provisions needs to be judged by comprehensive factors such as the existence of specific behavioral obligations,the risk prevention function of behavioral obligations,the scope of protection,and legal policies.The behavioral obligation in mandatory provisions has the function of expressing civil rights and interests,and the possibility of mandatory behavior should be considered when setting behavioral obligations.When the behavior obligation is violated,it can be presumed that the actor is at fault for the infringement of rights and interests.Mandatory provisions to set behavioral obligations will comprehensively consider the objective probability and legal value evaluation of damage caused by related behaviors.When the victim and his damage fall within the scope of compulsory protection,it can be presumed that the causal relationship between damage and behavior is established.Mandatory provisions strengthen private supervision and civil liability,and clarify the boundaries of freedom of behavior.Judges should not confuse the basis of administrative responsibility and tort liability,but should weigh the relationship between freedom of behavior,protection of rights and interests and compulsory order.

关 键 词：强制性规定 侵权责任 过错 因果关系 自治 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]