论人格权侵权责任认定中的构成要件与利益权衡  

Elements of Liability and Balancing of Interests in Determining Personality Rights Infringement

作　　者：朱晓峰[1] ZHU Xiaofeng

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学法学院

出　　处：《法学评论》2024年第1期98-111,共14页Law Review

摘　　要：《民法典》通过第998条引入的利益权衡方法并未使人格权侵害民事责任认定规范体系完全摆脱构成要件论的束缚而采动态体系论的立场,该条在区分物质性人格权与非物质性人格权、具体人格权与一般人格权以及非物质性人格权内部的具体人格权是否存在被法律预先概括规定的典型侵害行为类型的基础上,对人格权侵害民事责任认定中的构成要件与利益权衡二种法律效果评价方法作了区分处理:对于内涵外延清晰确定且享有及行使具有自足性的物质性人格权的侵害责任认定采严格的构成要件论,仅在法律有特别规定等例外情形下允许法官在个案中依自由裁量权进行利益权衡以确定相应民事责任;对于享有及行使具有较强社会性而时常处于利益冲突状态的非物质性人格权的侵害责任认定,则依据是否存在确定的事实构成,尤其是是否存在法律预先概括规定的典型侵害行为而区分为主要通过构成要件评价相应行为之法律效果的领域和主要通过利益权衡方法评价相应行为法律效果的领域。The introduction of the balancing of interests approach through Article 998of the Civil Code does not completely free the normative system of determining civil liability for personality rights infringements from the constraints of the elements of liability theory.Based on distinguishing between material personality rights and immaterial personality rights,specific personality rights and general personality rights,and whether there are pre-defined typical types of infringing acts for immaterial personality rights,Article 998differentiates between the elements of liability and the balancing of interests in determining civil liability for personality rights infringements.For infringements that clearly define the connotation and extension,and that enjoy self-sufficiency in the exercise of material personality rights,a strict elements of liability approach is adopted.Only in exceptional cases where the law provides specific regulations is the judge allowed to exercise discretion in balancing the interests to determine the corresponding civil liability.For non-material personality rights,which possess strong social significance and often face conflicts of interest,the determination of liability is based on the existence of specific factual elements,particularly the presence of pre-defined typical infringing acts.This distinguishes between the domains where the legal effects of corresponding actions are primarily evaluated through the elements of liability and the domains where the legal effects are primarily evaluated through the balancing of interests approach.

关 键 词：人格权侵害 动态体系论 构成要件 事实构成 利益权衡 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]