语音学的四阶历程  

The Development of Experimental Phonetics

作　　者：朱晓农 ZHU Xiaonong(Jiangsu Normal University,Xuzhou 221116;Guangdong Normal University of Technology,Guangzhou 510665,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏师范大学,江苏徐州221116 [2]广东技术师范大学,广州510665

出　　处：《常熟理工学院学报》2024年第1期24-46,共23页Journal of Changshu Institute of Technology

摘　　要：语音学已成长为一门包括众多交叉性学科的大学科,其核心分科叫语言语音学,即以实验手段研究跟语言相关的语音问题。从认识论来看,语音学经历了四个时期。它诞生于1880年代,刚开始是为语音教学和语音描写服务的,它运用实地调查和语音实验的研究方法,实验数据被认为是可靠知识的来源。实验语音学在1940年代正式登场,这是第二期的开始。此后数十年,它在语言学外发展出很多交叉学科;但在语言学内受到排斥,语音数据被认为是无用或无关的。第三期从1990年代开始,语言语音学和实验音法学重新强调实验的重要性。到2010年代,电脑技术的进步促进了实验语音学的普及,语音学在认识论上走向依赖语音数据。最近十几年来,认识论再次转向,实验数据被认为是有用的,但起辅助作用。语言语音学应隶属、服从、服务于语言学,应为音法范畴的确立提供证据。现有的语音学基本概念都来自欧洲音素优势型语言,它们对声调和发声态无能为力。要建立一套真正的普适理论,需要全面了解亚非美洲的发声活跃型语言。近年来,国内大规模的田野调查揭示了很多过去未知的发声态和声调现象,由此发展出一个更为一般的语音学基本框架,并建立起音法类型学和演化音法学。Phonetics has developed into a macro research discipline involving many interdisciplines,with the core research area being called‘linguistic phonetics’which is a study of language-related phonetics through experiments.In terms of epistemology,the development of phonetics can be divided into four phases.Born in the 1880s,modern phonetics aimed to serve linguistics,specifically in its function in teaching and describing languages.It followed two approaches:field investigations and phonetic experiments.Phonetic data thus gathered were considered the source of reliable knowledge.Experimental phonetics appeared in the 1940s.Marking the beginning of the second phase,it gave birth to a dozen or so inter-disciplines outside linguistics in the decades that followed.Given that such disciplines were largely marginalized in linguistics,the kind of phonetic data contributed were considered,from the perspective of epistemology,useless or irrelevant in phonology.With the arrival of the third phase since the1990s,phonetic data were re-emphasized in Linguistic Phonetics and Experimental Phonology.Computer phonetic analysis applications came to maturity during the first decade of the new century,leading to the fact that many researchers became reliant on phonetic data.In the preceding couple of decades,epistemology experienced another turn,making phonetic data received as an indispensable assistance in formalizing phonological categories and concepts.Phonetics should be of linguistics,by linguistics and for linguistics.During the past decades,phonetics has developed quickly in the West.The fundamental phonetic concepts,however,were established on and for Segment-Prominent European languages yet do not work well when they are introduced into the study of the Phonation-Active languages with tone and/or non-modal voices as those spoken in East/South Asia and West/Central Africa.It is,therefore,a new task for phoneticians and phonologists to develop a more comprehensive framework to accommodate this kind of languages.In recent yea

关 键 词：现代语音学 实验语音学 语言语音学 音法学 发声态 音法类型学 演化音法学 

分 类 号：H017[语言文字—语言学]