“食鱼致病”医学观念与殖民海洋渔业:医学社会史视角下英属印度海洋鱼类腌渍产业发展历程研究(1867—1930)  

Fish-eating DiseaseTheory and Colonial Marine Fisheries:On the Early Colonial Marine Pickling Industry of British India from the Perspective of Medical Social History(1867-1930)

作　　者：刘旭 LIU Xu(Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications School of Marxism,400065 Chongqing,China)

机构地区：[1]重庆邮电大学马克思主义学院,重庆400065

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2023年第4期486-498,共13页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究西部和边疆地区一般项目“殖民时期印度城乡公共卫生史研究”(项目编号:19XJC770005);重庆市教育委员会人文社会科学研究一般项目“20世纪初‘百年未有之大变局’时代背景下的英国资本主义理论新思潮研究”(项目编号:21SKGH070)。

摘　　要：随着工业革命到来,英美等国对待鱼肉的态度发生了重大转变。在将鱼肉作为工人阶级廉价营养食物的期许之下,相关渔业迅速发展。在英属印度,由于气候炎热且冷冻保鲜技术尚未普及,腌制咸鱼成为当地渔业普遍做法。以乔纳森·哈钦森为代表的“食鱼致病”医学学派应运而生。该学派认为,食用不卫生鱼肉是诱发麻风病等多种疾病的重要病因,能否生产出卫生鱼类制品关系英属印度渔业产业成败。在其建议下,英属印度渔业产业一方面将腌渍咸鱼所用食盐视为根除“食鱼致病”弊端并治愈霍乱、麻风病等多种疾病的“预防药物”,大肆批判当地土著“盐地加工”工艺;另一方面则借助公共卫生知识,改进提升“湿法加工”等咸鱼加工工艺。虽然上述努力最终并未达到预期效果,但对这一历史过程的探讨,有助于理解医学知识与经济产业、文化观念间复杂的互动关系,为探讨服务现实型科学知识生成演化机制提供案例。With the advent of the industrial revolution,attitudes in Britain and America towards fish meat changed dramatically.Since fish was an affordable and nourishable food for the working class,it is reasonable that fisheries would develop rapidly as well.In British India,due to the hot humid climate preserving fish by freezing was not widespread,and fish-pickling had become the common practice adopted by local fisheries.This formed the historical context for the birth of Johnathan Hutchinson's medical concept of fish-eating diseases.He believed that eating insanitary fish could be the cause of leprosy and many other illnesses,and the success of British fisheries depended heavily on the production of healthy fish according to the principles of public health science.As a result,salt was advocated as a medicament instead of just a condiment.The salt-earth pickling method common among India's poor was condemned and prohibited for its lower salt usage.The moist curing method also was condemned as hazardous for public health.Despite the eventual failure of the fish-pickling industry,all those practices were valuable when viewed from the perspective of the social history of medicine.It offers a vivid example for medical historians to grasp the complex relations and interactions among medical notions,economy industries and cultural conceptions,and for exploring the generation and evolution mechanism of providing realistic scientific knowledge.

关 键 词：医学社会史 “食鱼致病” 印度殖民海洋渔业 咸鱼腌渍产业 麻风病 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]