日语格助词“より”的“比较义”特性研究  

A Study on the Comparative Semantic Characteristics of the Japanese Case Particle “より”

作　　者：许慈惠 张钟方 XU Cihui;ZHANG Zhongfang

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学贤达经济人文学院,上海200083 [2]安徽外国语学院东方语言学院,安徽合肥231201

出　　处：《外语与外语教学》2023年第5期32-41,50,145,共12页Foreign Languages and Their Teaching

摘　　要：本文从句法语义与语用义相结合的视角,在以往研究成果的基础上对现代日语格助词“より”只保留“比较义”的原因做了探讨。考察发现,源自“‘后’化”义动词的格助词“より”围绕谓语划分区别出同一语义范畴、同一句法格两事物的对立,由此带出表谓语的肯定方的“起点义”之本质义,并基于语用作用产生出“比较义”、固定结构的“句法成分内部起点义”和“句法成分内部比较义”等多义。而现代因无需意识对立方,“起点义”被单纯表起点的“から”取代,“句法成分内部起点义”“句法成分内部比较义”也因缺失本质义的部分义素,除残留于固定结构外已不复存在,唯有“比较义”,尽管同样也缺失本质义的部分义素,却因其概念为语言生活所必需,而在语用力的作用下得以保留。Building on the findings of previous research,this paper explores the reasons why the modern Japanese case particle“より”retains only its comparative meaning from a perspective that merges both syntactic,semantics and pragmatic meanings.Investigations reveal that the case particle“より”,which originates from verbs that mean“to come after”,distinguishes two opposing entities within the same semantic category and the same syntactic case in relation to the predicate.This process highlights the essential meaning of the starting point of affirmation for the predicate.Based on its pragmatic function,it generates multiple meanings,including comparative semantics,the starting point within fixed syntactic structures,and internal comparative semantics within syntactic components.In contemporary usage,as there is no need to consciously emphasize the opposing aspect,the starting point meaning is replaced by“より”,which simply indicates the beginning.Consequently,the starting point and internal comparative meanings within syntactic components have disappeared due to the loss of some essential elements of meaning,except for their remnants in fixed structures.However,the comparative meaning,despite also lacking some essential elements of meaning,has been preserved under the force of pragmatics because its concept is indispensable in linguistic communication.

关 键 词：格助词“より” 本质义 起点义 比较义 

分 类 号：H030[语言文字—语言学]