文苑近侍:清入关前大学士的职能角色与权力演变  

The literary close attendant:the function role and the changed power of the grand secretary before the Qing Dynasty marched into Shanhaiguan

作　　者：刘洋[1,2] Liu Yang(School of Historical Culture,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian 116081,China;Postdoctoral Workstation of the Palace Museum,Beijing 100009,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁师范大学历史文化学院,辽宁大连116081 [2]故宫博物院博士后工作站,北京100009

出　　处：《辽宁师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第1期130-136,共7页Journal of Liaoning Normal University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“阁臣多元差使与清代国家治理研究”(19CZS027)。

摘　　要：清代内阁可追溯至入关前即已设立的文馆。早在努尔哈赤时期,在汗周围就活跃着一支文化素养较高的满洲“巴克什”群体,皇太极继位后将其组织化,分掌翻译典籍、记注国史。然而天聪中后期,伴随汗权的集中与君主权威的奠定,作为亲信侍从的文馆诸臣亦转向传谕宣旨、顾问机宜、外出差遣等方面,日常职司呈现出明显的政务化趋向。至崇德年间,清廷始置内三院,大学士凭借“天子近臣”的身份无论是在国家政治生活中的地位,还是用人行政中的实际话语权均明显提高,但从法定职掌来看,其仍为一介儒臣。总之,儒臣兼具近侍的双重政治角色构成了清入关前大学士的基本特征。The cabinet of the Qing Dynasty can be traced back to the Wen Guan.As early as the Nurhachi period,there was a group of Manchurians with high cultural quality around the Khan.Huang Taiji organized them by assigning them to work in different batches.They were in charge of translating ancient books and recording national history.In the middle and late period of Tiancong reign,with the concentrated power of Khan and the establishment of the monarch’s authority,the officials of Wen Guan turned to be responsible for the daily practical work of announcing orders,providing advice and handling affairs.During the reign of Chongde period,the Qing Dynasty began to set up the Inner Three Courts.The grand secretaries obviously enhanced their position and influence in the national political life.However,they were still Confucian ministers from their duties.In a word,the grand secretaries had always played a dual political role of Confucian officials and close attendants which was their basic feature.

关 键 词：大学士 儒臣 近侍 双重角色 

分 类 号：K249.1[历史地理—历史学]