《战争与和平法》的国际法思想、不足及其启示  

Thoughts,Deficiency and Enlightenment of International Law in the Law of War and Peace

作　　者：马忠法[1] MA Zhongfa

机构地区：[1]复旦大学

出　　处：《中国国际法年刊》2022年第1期238-280,共43页Chinese Yearbook Of International Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“构建人类命运共同体国际法治创新研究”(18ZDA153);国家社会科学基金重点项目“‘人类命运共同体’国际法理论与实践研究”(18AFX025)支持。

摘　　要：与其先行者相比,雨果·格劳秀斯的《战争与和平法》反映的国际法思想有了重大突破,但其底色仍为自然法,同时也闪耀着实证法的光芒。该著作主要从以正义为核心的自然法理论出发来阐释其体系化的国际法思想,认为自然法只是以人类的本性为基础;没有上帝,它同样也会存在;人性是自然法之母;战争合法的理由有自卫、恢复属于自己的东西和惩罚违法者等;其自然国际法思想源自神法又独立于神法。该著作提出了正义战争说、战争节制说、战犯应受惩罚说及战争中的人道主义原则等,构成了国际法的基础内容。该著作提出国际法是“所有或相当多数国家相互之间的同意”,此种观点具有实证法特征,涉及的实证国际法具体体现为:使馆及外交人员享有特权和豁免理论、条约理论、战争中对待中立者的态度之论述以及和平解决国际争端等。然而,作为开创性的国际法专著,该著作也存在不足:在形式上,各卷的结构不均衡、逻辑性有待加强、部分论证略显粗糙等;在内容方面,无“和平法”的实体内容、“战争”被扩大使用、“权利”与“权力”没有被完全明确区分以及没有结合当时最为现实的冲突和斗争等。该著作的国际法理论可为百年变局下构建人类命运共同体理念中的国际法治创新带来一些启示,例如国际法思想的产生需要机遇、实践等客观条件以及个人的努力等主观因素,只有将二者紧密结合起来才有可能产生具有持久生命力的思想。Compared with his forerunners,Hugo Grotius made a great breakthrough in thoughts of international law in his monograph"The Law of War and Peace",but the fundamental parts of the thoughts still reflect the ideas of natural law,while some parts also shine with the light of positive law.The monograph mainly expounds its systematic international law thoughts from the natural law theory with justice as the core;and believes that natural law is only based on human nature,and it would also exist even without God;human nature is the mother of natural law;the legitimate reasons for launching a war include self-defense,restoration of things belonging to oneself and punishment of violators;his thoughts of natural international law originate from divine law,but meanwhile independent of it.It puts forward the theory of just war,the theory on temperamenta of war,the theory that war criminals should be punished,and the humanitarian principles in war;these theories constitute the basic content of international law.The view that international law is mutual consent of all or a considerable number of countries produced in the monograph has the characteristics of positive law.The positive international law thoughts involved may be embodied in the following aspects:the theory of privileges and immunities enjoyed by embassies and diplomats of each state,the theory of treaties,the discussion of the treatment of neutrality in war,and the theory of peaceful settlement of international disputes.However,as a pioneering monograph on international law,it also has the following shortcomings:in terms of form,the structure between the volumes is unbalanced,the logic needs to be strengthened,and some arguments are slightly rough.In terms of content,there is no substantive content on"peaceful international law",and"war"has been expanded and used;"right"and"power""have not been completely clearly distinguished and sometimes confused and used,and the most realistic conflicts and struggles at that time have not been combined into the argumentations.

关 键 词：格劳秀斯 《战争与和平法》 自然法 实证法 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]