《解嘲》中的“阳”与“阴”——扬雄对西汉末年士人困境的思考与突围  

The Surface and Substance of Jie Chao-Yang Xiong's Reflections and Breakthroughs on the Dilemma of Scholars in the Late Western Han Dynasty

作　　者：沈相辉 SHEN Xianghui(School of Chinese Language and Literature,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学文学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《杭州师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第1期60-68,共9页Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“《太玄》文献整理与研究”(22CZW015);武汉大学自主科研项目(人文社会科学)的研究成果;“中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金”资助

摘　　要：扬雄《解嘲》前半部分重在比较“上世”与“当今”,指出世异事变之下士人遭遇之变迁;后半部分则聚焦于自身,解释其作《玄》的原因,为其拟经提供合法性。扬雄表面上是在歌颂汉王朝的文治武功,实际却对时政提出了严厉批评。扬雄在古今对比中,传递出对现实世界的失望,所以《太玄》被定位为“俟后世”之书。就消极层面而言,守《玄》是扬雄对现实的被动逃避;从积极角度来说,则是其对天人合一创作环境的主动追求。因此,《解嘲》一方面固然反映了扬雄遭遇现实困境时的失望和怯懦,但同时也体现出其触底反弹式的精神突围与超越。较之东方朔《答客难》,《解嘲》不仅揭示了士不遇的深刻原因,也为士人安顿身心提供了解决之道。The first half of Yang Xiong's Jie Chao focuses on comparing the past with the present,pointing out the changes in the encounters of scholars under the changing world;the second half focuses on Yang Xiong himself,explaining the reasons for his composition of Tai Xuan and providing legitimacy for his proposed scriptures.Yang Xiong ostensibly glorified the great achievements of the Han Dynasty,but in reality,he severely criticized the current political situation.In this contrast between the hidden and the obvious,Yang Xiong's disappointment with the real world is conveyed,so he positioned Tai Xuan as a book waiting for the future generations.On the negative side,the creation of Tai Xuan is Yang Xiong's passive escape from reality;on the positive side,it is his active pursuit of a creative environment in which heaven and man are united.Therefore,Jie Chao certainly reflects Yang Xiong's disappointment and cowardice when he encounters realistic difficulties,but it also reflects his bottom-bouncing spiritual breakthrough and transcendence.Compared with Da Ke Nan,Jie Chao not only reveals the profound reasons for the scholar's failure,but also provides a solution for the scholar to settling down physically and mentally.

关 键 词：扬雄 《解嘲》 《太玄》 《答客难》 士人文化 

分 类 号：I207.2[文学—中国文学] K234.1[历史地理—历史学]