论减轻损失规则  

On the Mitigation Rule

作　　者：崔建远[1] CUI Jian-yuan(School of Law,Tsinghua University,Beijing,100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《云南社会科学》2024年第1期2-12,共11页Social Sciences in Yunnan

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“民法典违约责任规则的体系化审视研究”(项目号:22JJD820015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：减轻损失规则的重要内容是减轻损失义务,包含两方面的意思:第一,原告有义务采取积极措施(positive steps)将被告违约所致损失降至最低范围;第二,在被告适当履行合同的情况下,原告实施某些行为是适当的,但在被告已经违约的场合,原告倘若再实施这些行为,就会不公正地扩大违约造成的损失(unjustifiably augment the loss)。减轻损失义务大多源自法律的规定,也有基于当事人的约定产生的情形。减轻损失的措施可以类型化为停止履行、替代安排、守约方与违约方再协商、继续履行。守约方应当采取什么样减轻损失的措施,要取决于周围情事。其措施是否适当,宜以一个理性人、经济人的认识作为判断标准比较合理,并且对这种适当的要求不宜太高。在程序方面,要根据双方当事人提供的证据做出事实的认定。是否需要将选择措施之事预先通知违约方,主流观点主张,虽然通知并非“坏事”,但这充其量只是看整个行为是否合理的其中一个因素,而且不一定是重要因素。守约方采取减轻损失的措施支出的合理费用,应由违约方负责赔偿。守约方违反减轻损失的义务,不向违约方就此承担违约责任,但由此扩大的损失无权请求违约方予以赔偿。The obligation to mitigate the loss is an important part of the mitigation rule,which contains two aspects:first,the plaintiff is obliged to take positive steps to mitigate the loss caused by the defendant’s breach of contract to the minimum.Second,if the defendant performs the contract properly,the plaintiff’s actions are appropriate;but if the defendant has already breached the contract and the plaintiff continues to perform these actions,it will unjustifiably augment the losses caused by the breach of contract.The obligation to mitigate the loss arises mostly from the law and may also arise based on the agreement of the parties.Mitigation measures can be typified as the stopping of performance,making the substitute contract,renegotiation between the breaching party and the non-breaching party,and continuation of performance.The type of mitigation measures taken by the non-breaching party depends on the circumstances.The appropriateness of such measures should be judged based on the perception of a rational and economic person,and the requirement for such appropriateness should not be too strict.In terms of the procedure of judgment,findings of fact should be made based on the evidence provided by the parties.As to whether the non-breaching should make advance notice about the choice of measure to the breaching party,the prevailing view is that although notice is not fully negative,it is at best only one of the factors,and may not be crucial in determining the reasonableness of overall conduct.Reasonable costs incurred by the non-breaching party in taking mitigation measures should be compensated by the breaching party.If the nonbreaching party fails to fulfill the obligation to mitigate,it won’t be responsible for default but forfeits the right to claim enlarged damages from the breaching party.

关 键 词：减轻损失义务 不真正义务 停止履行 替代安排 再协商 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]