大学的魔镜:全球十五项世界大学排名的比较分析与反思  

The Magic Mirror of University:A Comparative Analysis and Reflection on Fifteen World University Rankings

作　　者：宗晓华[1] 王立成 李远贤 Zong Xiaohua;Wang Licheng;Li Yuanxian

机构地区：[1]南京大学教育研究院,南京210023 [2]北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院,北京100875

出　　处：《江苏高教》2024年第2期65-74,共10页Jiangsu Higher Education

基　　金：国家社科基金一般课题“‘双一流’建设大学科研绩效评价与拨款机制研究”(BFA180066)。

摘　　要：随着世界大学排名数量的增加,大学及其利益相关方陷入对排名系统的认知混乱与选择困境。为了更全面地评鉴世界大学排名的学术价值及其市场逻辑,研究从指标体系的价值导向、评价结果的相关性、排名的科学有效性和市场影响力四个维度,对当前全球十五项世界大学排名进行比较分析。研究发现:(1)各项大学排名的指标体系在职能结构上存在一定的分化,发展型高等教育体系的大学排名更强调人才培养;(2)各项大学排名的评价结果相关度较低,发展中与发达高等教育体系的差距显著,而且这种差距在偏向大学产出质量的排名中更大;(3)基于“柏林原则”的量化评估显示,各项大学排名的科学有效性得分普遍不高,一些排名在目标定位、方法论的科学性与透明度上存在较为严重的缺陷;(4)世界大学排名的科学有效性和市场影响力之间存在明显的失衡,这种失衡可以从全球高等教育的中心-外围结构,以及排名数据库在期刊分布、语言覆盖、调查群体等底层逻辑上的市场迎合来解释。为使世界大学排名更客观、有效地提供镜鉴,未来应从方法论层面提升大学排名的科学有效性,理性看待和合理应用大学排名提供的有效信息,立足本土使命设定优先事项,引导排名的国际话语权。With the increase in the number of world university rankings(WURS),universities and their stake-holders have fallen into cognitive dissonance and choice dilemmas over ranking systems.In order to com-prehensively evaluate the academic value and market logic of WURS,this study compares and analyzes the current fifteen WURS from four dimensions;the value orientation of indicator system,the relevance of evaluation results,the scientific validity of rankings and the market influence.The findings are as follows:(1)There is a certain degree of differentiation in the functional structure of the index system of WURS.The WURS of the developmental higher education system place more emphasis on the function of talent culti-vation.(2)The correlation between the evaluation results of WURS is low.The gap between the developing and developed higher education systems is significant,and this gap is greater in WURS that favor the qual-ity of university output.(3)Quantitative assessments based on the。Berlin Principles"show that the scien-tific validity scores of various WURS are generally not high,and some WURS have serious deficiencies in terms of targeting,methodological science,and transparency.(4)There is a clear imbalance between the scientific validity and market influence of WURS,which can be explained by the center-periphery structure of global higher education and the underlying logic of market catering of ranking databases in terms of journal distribution,language coverage and survey groups.In order to make WURS more objective and effective in providing reference,future efforts should focus on continuous methodological improve-ments,rational interpretation and reasonable uillization of valuable information provided by WURS,priori-tizing local mission objectives,and guiding international discourse on rankings.

关 键 词：世界大学排名 指标体系 价值导向 科学有效性 市场影响力 

分 类 号：G649[文化科学—高等教育学]