历史上人们对鲎的认识、利用及其在岭南的地理分布变迁  

The Understanding,Utilization and Geographical Distribution Variation of Horseshoe Crabs in Lingnan Region in History

作　　者：倪根金[1] 陈桃仪 Ni Genjin;Chen Taoyi

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学中国农业历史遗产研究所 [2]湖南师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《海洋史研究》2022年第2期180-200,共21页Studies of Maritime History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“岭南动植物农产史料集成考汇与综合研究”(16ZDA123)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：鲎,剑尾目鲎科海生动物。目前世界上仅存四种:中国鲎、美洲鲎、巨鲎和圆尾鲎。在我国,鲎分布于长江以南海域,有中国鲎、巨鲎、圆尾鲎等三种,又名马蹄蟹,民间俗称海怪、鸳鸯鱼、三刺鲎、两公婆、夫妻鱼等。形似蟹,身体分为头胸部、腹部及剑尾三部分。Horseshoe crab is a kind of marine life,which began four hundred million years ago and is called“living fossils”.In history,there were many records about horseshoe crabs in China,with“sailing on horseshoe crabs and turtles”being the earliest,written in“To the Capital of Wu”by Zuo Si in the Western Jin Dynasty.From the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty,the understanding of horseshoe crabs was mainly focused on the shapes,living habits and the primary utilization of horseshoe crabs.From the Song Dynasty to the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the pharmacological description was added,besides the traditional contents and the description of the shape,living habits and utilization became more detailed.There are pictures of horseshoe crabs since the Ming Dynasty.The drawings of the court and the drawings by ordinary people exited aside,with the former realistic and the latter untrue.Up to the Republic,the drawings became scientific and standard.In the late Qing dynasty,the record of horseshoe crab began to follow the foreign natural history.From the 1930s,the understanding of horseshoe crabs mainly based on the discovery of western science.On the base of the progress of understanding,the utilization became varied,making horseshoe crabs into sauce,medicine,cups,hats,juries,scratching sticks,spoons,joss sticks,sacrifice,fertilizer,mainly used as food and medicine.Before Opium War I,the geographical distribution of horseshoe crabs south of Five Ridges was along the coast.From the Opium War to the founding of the People's Republic of China,the horseshoe crabs along the coast south of Five Ridges decreased but in small scale.From the founding of the People's Republic of China up to now,no horseshoe crabs can be found north of the mouth of the Pearl River.The sources of horseshoe crabs declined rapidly during the last 40 years.The decline was mainly caused by humans.Lack of the concept of protection and the increase of need of food and even greater need of industry,people caught and killed too many horseshoe crabs.From t

关 键 词：中国鲎 马蹄蟹 剑尾目 美洲鲎 分布变迁 圆尾鲎 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]