第三次联合国海洋法会议缘起之国际政治学分析  

Analysis of the Origin of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea from the Perspective of International Politics

作　　者：曲升 QU Sheng(School of History and Culture,Qufu Normal University,Qufu 273165,China)

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学历史文化学院,山东曲阜273165

出　　处：《鲁东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第1期79-88,共10页Ludong University Journal:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“近代列强南海政策与中国海洋权益维护研究(1840—1949)”(2022&ZD232)。

摘　　要：第三次联合国海洋法会议是20世纪60、70年代世界历史重大转折的集中体现和重要组成部分,其缘起可在国际政治框架内加以解释。大致而言,四个方面的发展推动了这次会议的召开。一是科技进步和人类开发海洋能力的增强,导致出现了世界范围内的海洋资源和环境污染问题,由此产生了从法律层面抑制单边行动和国家间冲突的需要;二是发展中国家以联合斗争的形式,向以“海洋自由”原则为基础的旧海洋法秩序发起冲击,并提出了一系列扩大国家海洋管辖权的主张,希望重塑整个海洋法秩序以赋予这些主张合法性;三是成长为海洋大国的苏联海洋利益立场发生变化,它主动与美国接触,达成了召开国际会议、确立12海里领海和国际海峡自由过境制度的共识;四是深海采矿需求的出现及其引发的国际海底法律地位问题辩论,成为会议召开的直接动因。以上四个方面在影响第三次联合国海洋法会议之核心议程的同时,也决定了会议的发展中国家与海洋大国之间博弈的基本格局和利益“交易”的本质。The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS III)is the typical embodiment and an important part of a major turn in the world history in the 1960s and 1970s,the origin of which can be explained within the framework of international politics.Broadly speaking,four aspects of development drive the conference to be convened.Firstly,the technological progress and mankind s increased ability to exploit marine resources have resulted in the appearance of worldwide problems of marine resources and environmental pollution,so the need arises to curb unilateral actions and international conflicts at the legal level.Secondly,the developing countries have launched an assault on the old order of sea law based on the principle of“freedom of the sea”in the form of a united struggle,and have put forward a series of claims for the expansion of national maritime jurisdiction in the hope that a new order of sea law will be reshaped so as to endow these claims with legality.Thirdly,the Soviet Union,which has grown into a major maritime power,changes its position on maritime interests,and takes the initiative to contact the United States to reach a consensus on convening an international conference,establishing a free transit system through the 12-mile territorial sea and international straits.Fourthly,the appearance of deep-sea mining needs and its caused debate on the problems of the legal status of the international seabed are the immediate motivation for the conference.While influencing the core agenda of the UNCLOS III,the above-mentioned four aspects determine the basic pattern of games and the nature of interests trade between the developing countries and the great maritime powers.

关 键 词：第三次联合国海洋法会议 海洋资源与环境问题 发展中国家 海洋自由 国际海底问题 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]