“妃子笑”荔枝高产若干生长发育性状  

Several Growth and Development Traits of High-yield Feizixiao Litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

作　　者：苏钻贤[1,2] 黄姜 申济源 张荣 万志远[1] 陈厚彬 SU Zuanxian;HUANG Jiang;SHEN Jiyuan;ZHANG Rong;WANG Zhiyuan;CHEN Houbin(College of Horticulture,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,Guangdong,510640,China;Maoming Branch,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture,Maoming,Guangdong,525000,China)

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学园艺学院,广州510640 [2]岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室茂名分中心,广东茂名525000

出　　处：《中国南方果树》2024年第1期110-119,共10页South China Fruits

基　　金：岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室茂名分中心(2021B0707010004);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设基金(CARS-32);广东省乡村振兴战略专项资金(403-2018-XMZC-0002-90,2023TS-2-2);南非荔枝园管理专家系统引进与开发应用(2011-Z49)资助。

摘　　要：“妃子笑”荔枝是我国栽培区域最广的荔枝品种,比较研究不同区域“妃子笑”生长发育特性可为树冠、养分管理和成花着果调控及区域适应性发展等参考,为荔枝品种制订高产和克服“大小年”技术方案提供借鉴。2008—2022年,调查统计华南六省(区)北纬18°32′~28°47′的24县(区)39个示范园“妃子笑”物候期;于始花期调查海南、广东、广西和云南省(区)18个果园“妃子笑”结果树枝条、叶片和花穗生长量,并取样分析枝条、叶片、花穗主要养分含量,计算植株不同部位营养需求量。结果表明,主产区“妃子笑”末次秋梢成熟期8月下旬至11月中旬,现“白点”(花穗原基)期11月下旬至翌年2月中旬,盛花期2月上旬至4月上旬,果实成熟期4月下旬至7月底。3次秋梢生长分别约为35.9、39.5和40.2 d,秋梢老熟至现花穗原基(花诱导)约87 d,花穗与花芽分化期约56 d,果实发育期约需63 d。海南等地区“妃子笑”采果后树冠重回缩修剪至1.5 m高,形成矮化树形,而粤西等地修剪至2~3 m高,塑造高大树形。“妃子笑”结果植株采果后秋梢生长1~3次,树冠表面积的平均枝梢数16条/m2,秋梢平均长度37.7 cm,秋梢复叶数17片、叶片数104片。“妃子笑”单株不同部位年生长量,以鲜质量计分别为秋梢枝条16.8 kg,叶片40.2 kg,花穗17.2 kg;以干质量计为秋梢枝条9.50 kg,叶片23.24kg,花穗7.19kg。主要养分含量为秋梢枝条中氮0.76%、磷0.26%、钾0.72%、钙0.54%、镁0.15%;叶片中氮1.79%、磷0.17%、钾0.94%、钙0.77%、镁0.25%;花穗中氮2.20%、磷0.30%、钾1.74%、钙0.32%、镁0.29%。单株50 kg的产量,年度枝叶、花穗和果实生长所需主要元素为氮0.70 kg、磷0.10 kg、钾0.46 kg,秋梢期氮、磷、钾用量分别占比全年用量的71.4%、70.0%、63.0%。从多年产量稳定性看,海南省陵水县、琼海市、海口市,广西北海铁山港区、合浦县,广东省廉江市等地是“Feizixiao litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)is the most widely grown cultivar in China.Comparative studies on the growth and development traits of Feizixiao litchi trees in different areas can provide reference for tree canopy,nutrient,flowering and fruit management and region-specific development,also technical schemes of high-yield and overcome alternate bearing of litchi varieties.The phenological stages of Feizixiao litchi in 39 orchards of 24 counties in six provinces(autonomous region)between 18°32′N and 28°47′N,were recorded from 2008 to 2022.The annual growth of branches,leaves and flower panicles of fruit-bearing trees were measured from 18 orchards in Hainan,Guangdong,Yunnan provinces and Guangxi.The major nutrients contents of branch,leaf and flower panicles were assayed and the nutrient requirements in different parts of the plant were calculated.The results showed that in main growing areas of Feizixiao litchi,the terminal autumn shoots matured between late August and mid-November.Panicle primordia appeared from late November to mid-February.Full blossoms occurred between early February and early April,and fruit matured from late April to the end of July.The period time of three autumn shoots growth was 35.9,39.5 and 40.2 days.It took 87 days for induction of flower panicles from autumn shoots,56 days for flower bud differentiation,and 63 days for fruit development.The trees were heavily pruned post-harvesting to the height of about 1.5 m above ground to form dwarf type tree in Hainan province,whereas they were pruned to about 2—3 m high to shape tall type tree in west of Guangdong.The tree grew 1 to 3 times autumn flush after harvest.There were 16 shoots per m2 of canopy surface,and average length of flush was 37.7 cm,with 17 compound leaves and 104 leaflets.The average annual fresh weights of stems,leaves and flower panicles on each tree were 16.8 kg,40.2 kg and 17.2 kg,respectively,and the corresponding dry weights were 9.2 kg,23.2 kg and 7.2 kg,respectively.The contents of major nutrient elem

关 键 词：“妃子笑”荔枝 物候期 高产 年生长量 氮磷钾 

分 类 号：S667.1[农业科学—果树学]