美国法中的“长臂管辖权”:从民事诉讼到法律的不当域外适用  

The Long-Arm Jurisdiction in US Laws:From Civil Litigation to the Unjustified Extraterritorial Application of Domestic Law

作　　者：吴云[1] WU Yun

机构地区：[1]中国人民银行反洗钱局

出　　处：《上海政法学院学报（法治论丛）》2024年第1期69-88,共20页Journal of Shanghai University of Political Science & Law(The Rule of Law Forum)

摘　　要：“长臂管辖权”指的是美国法院对域外非美国居民(公民)的管辖权,它是美国民事诉讼中的概念,不能等同于法律的不当域外适用。但是,在美国的法律体系中,长臂管辖权是美国不当域外适用法律的关键性法律技术基础。一方面,美国行政机关通过民事诉讼程序实施行政处罚,也可以通过民事诉讼程序提起没收财产的对物诉讼以达到准刑事处罚的目的;另一方面,在刑事案件和民事诉讼中,美国法院依据民事诉讼程序确定案外非当事人的作证义务、配合扣押财产义务。美国的民事诉讼由于具有可单边性(适用缺席审判且送达方式灵活)、证明标准更低的特点,在法律上能够比刑事诉讼更加有效、简便地将美国的国家权力运用到本国领土以外。"Long-arm jurisdiction"refers to the jurisdiction of U.S.courts over non-U.S.citizens(residents)outside the territorial boundary.It is a well-established concept in U.S.civil procedure and cannot be unconditionally equated with the unjustified extraterritorial application of domestic law.Nevertheless,it is also worth noting that long-arm jurisdiction plays a crucial role by providing a critical legal and technical basis for the unjustified extraterritorial application of domestic law.U.S.administrative agencies can use civil procedures to impose administrative penalties,while also initiating civil forfeiture lawsuits that act as quasi-criminal penalties.Furthermore,U.S.courts may compel non-parties to comply with subpoenas(for the appearance of witnesses and the production of evidence)and injunctions(especially for assets freezing and attachment)through civil proceedings in both criminal and civil cases.Owing to its unilateral nature(featuring default judgments and flexible service methods)and a lower standard of proof,civil litigation in the U.S.legal system offers a comparatively effective and convenient means of expanding U.S.national power beyond its borders,especially when compared to criminal litigation.

关 键 词：域外管辖权 长臂管辖权 法的不当域外适用 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD915.2D997.3