从部族政权到皇权专制——北魏佛教政治的具象化表达  

From Tribal Regime to Imperial Dictatorship:The ConcreteExpression of Buddhist Politics in the Northern Wei Dynasty

作　　者：李君[1] 胡毓昕 LI Jun;HU Yuxin(School of Archaeology and Museology,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学考古文博学院,山西太原030006

出　　处：《山西大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第1期132-140,共9页Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“北魏云冈模式形成与传播研究”(21BF100)。

摘　　要：拓跋鲜卑是一个由各部族联合而成的部族共同体,北魏统治者在定都平城时期基本完成了从部族政权到皇权专制的政治转型。在探索政治转型的过程中,采用儒家文化收效甚微,道教治国的理念以崔浩的被杀而终结,由于与贵霜王朝相似的政治背景,北魏统治者开始运用佛教政治的思想来强化皇权、维护统治。云冈石窟正是北魏实行佛教政治的重要场所,云冈二期洞窟在开凿时除了延续一期“皇帝即如来”思想外,还将“一佛一转轮”思想融入洞窟开凿之中,用一组双窟(佛窟、转轮王窟)象征一位功德主,这一措施的成功也为后来入主中原的少数民族政权提供了政治转型的范本。云冈石窟作为多民族融合的产物,对于当今社会铸牢中华民族共同体意识有很强的借鉴意义。Tuoba Xianbei is a tribal community formed by the union of various tribes.The rulers of Northern Wei basically completed the political transformation from tribal power to imperial dictatorship when Pingcheng was estab⁃lished as the capital.In the process of exploring political transformation,the adoption of Confucianism yielded little success and the concept of Taoist governance ended with the killing of Cui Hao.Due to the similar political back⁃ground with the Kusana dynasty,the rulers of Northern Wei began to use Buddhist political ideas to strengthen im⁃perial power and maintain their rule.The Yungang Grottoes were an important place for the implementation of Bud⁃dhist politics during the Northern Wei dynasty.The mainstream ideology of the first phase of the Yungang Grottoes was“the emperor is the Tathagata”.In addition to continuing the ideology of the first phase,the second phase of the Yungang Grottoes also incorporated the idea of“one Buddha and one Wheel of life”into the construction of the grottoes,using a set of double grottoes(one for Buddha and the other for Wheel King)to symbolize a meritorious and virtuous master.The success of this measure also provided a model for the political transformation of ethnic mi⁃nority regimes that later took over the Central Plains.The Yungang Grottoes,as a product of the integration of mul⁃tiple ethnic groups,have strong reference significance for today’s society to strengthen the sense of Chinese nation⁃al community.

关 键 词：政治转型 云冈二期 双窟 佛教政治 

分 类 号：K239.21[历史地理—历史学]