核设施退役期间切割和拆除过程中有害物质控制研究现状  

Research status of controlling hazardous substances in cutting and dismantling processes during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities GUAN Yi,DUAN Yujian,YANG Kai,WU Qingdong

作　　者：管毅 段宇建 杨凯[1] 吴庆东[1] 郭政政 张睿凤 柴栋良 GUAN Yi;DUAN Yujian;YANG Kai;WU Qingdong;GUO Zhengzheng;ZHANG Ruifeng;CHAI Dongliang(China Institute for Radiation Protection,Radiation Medicine and Environmental Medicine Department,Taiyuan,Shanxi 030006,China)

机构地区：[1]中国辐射防护研究院放射医学与环境医学研究所,山西太原030006

出　　处：《工业卫生与职业病》2024年第1期78-82,共5页Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases

摘　　要：切割和拆除是核设施退役的重要环节之一,在切割和拆除过程中会产生放射性气溶胶、烟尘等有害物质。这些有害物质释放至空气中,不仅会造成严重的环境污染,还会对人类的健康产生严重的危害。为了做好核设施退役期间切割和拆除过程的有害物质控制,本文调研了国内外学者关于切割和拆除中的职业危害因素防护设计,其中雾化固定技术和移动式局部排风装置分别从源头和末端对工作场所中有害物质进行控制,均具有独特的优势和明显的不足,但从是否会产生二次污染的角度来看,移动式局部排风装置因其广泛的环境适应性和安全性具有更大的优势。因此,核设施退役期间切割和拆除过程中有害物质的综合控制措施还需要进一步的深入研究。Cutting and dismantling are critical processes during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities.During the processes,harmful substances such as radioactive aerosols and smoke will be generated and released into the air,leading to severe environmental pollution and human health consequences.This article reviewed relevant literature on protection design for occupational hazards during cutting and dismantling processes reported by domestic and foreign scholars,providing a basis for controlling the harmful substances during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities.Atomization fixation technology and mobile local exhaust devices for controlling workplace harmful substances from the source and the end link have unique advantages and significant shortcomings.However,regarding whether secondary pollution will be generated,mobile local exhaust devices have more significant benefits due to their wide environmental adaptability and safety.Further in-depth research is needed on comprehensive control measures for harmful substances in cutting and dismantling processes during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities.

关 键 词：切割拆除 放射性气溶胶 移动排风装置 

分 类 号：R136.2[医药卫生—劳动卫生]