美索不达米亚的史前人物塑像研究  

Research on Prehistoric Human Figurines from the Mesopotamia

作　　者：郭颖珊 张良仁 Guo Yingshan;Zhang Liangren

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院

出　　处：《考古与文物》2024年第1期83-92,共10页Archaeology and Cultural Relics

摘　　要：人物塑像是由黏土捏塑成人形的三维产品。在美索不达米亚,人物塑像在前陶新石器时代就已出现,一直延续至铜石并用时代。多数出土于灰坑和建筑物周围,少数出土于墓葬。人物塑像的发展可分为四个阶段,在美索不达米亚北、中、南部表现出了不同的地域特征。其中北部的人物塑像造型丰富,着重表现女性的丰满特征;中部的人物塑像面部特征明显且装饰精致;南部的人物塑像体态纤细且面部融合了动物特征。从出土数量和延续时间看,它们已经融入到人们的日常生活中。值得注意的是,这些人物塑像大多表现的是女性,但并不都是以往学者认为的女神(母神)形象,而应是家庭仪式的媒介和私人物品。Crafting three-dimensional objects out of clay,the production of human figurines emerged in the Mesopotamia as early as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period,and continued through the Chalcolithic period.The majority of this type of artifacts were found from pits or adjacent to buildings;only a small number of cases were found in tombs.The morphology of human figurines experienced four phases of development and display distinct regional features:those from the northern region feature salient sexuality of females;those from the central region feature elaborate decoration,and detailed facial description;the southern ones display slender bodies,and faces with animal traits.As they have been discovered in great quantity and were used for a long time,one may consider that the human figurines were an important part of the contemporary daily life.This study also highlights that not all of them represent goddesses.In addition,some may have been media of household rituals and private properties.

关 键 词：美索不达米亚 新石器时代 人物塑像 女神崇拜 家庭仪式 

分 类 号：K86[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] J313.1[历史地理—历史学]