庇护网络、多党联盟制与马来西亚“青蛙政治”的迷思  

Patronage Network,Multi-Party Coalition System and the Myth of“Frog Politics”in Malaysia

作　　者：张孝芳[1] 李志涛 ZHANG Xiaofang;LI Zhitao(School of International Relations,University of International Business and Economics,Beijing,China)

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《东南亚研究》2023年第6期30-50,155,共22页Southeast Asian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(22VMG041)。

摘　　要：马来西亚“青蛙政治”是指其议员像青蛙一样从原所属政党跳槽到另一政党,或在独立议员与某个政党成员身份之间转换。尽管议员跳槽的现象并非马来西亚所独有,但其在马来西亚造成政权更迭的次数非其他国家可比。本文采用“利益+制度”的分析框架来解释马来西亚“青蛙政治”的成因。一方面,马来西亚以政党为中心的庇护网络为议员跳槽提供了利益激励。议员在政党之间跳槽之所以能给其带来收益,是因为其所处的庇护网络是由政党而非其他行为体所塑造的。另一方面,马来西亚的多党联盟制为议员跳槽提供了制度便利。相对于两党制,议员在多党联盟制下拥有更多的跳槽机会,跳槽议员可以在多个政党之间选择自己拟加入的政党。考虑到“青蛙政治”形成的深层原因,“反跳槽法”对马来西亚政治转型所起的作用仍有待实践的进一步检验。Malaysia's "frog politics" refers to the fact that its parliamentarians are like frogs jumping from one political party to another,or switching between being an independent and being a member of a political party.While the phenomenon of members' job hopping in parliament is not unique to Malaysia,it has resulted in more regime changes in Malaysia than in any other country.This paper uses the framework of "interests+institutions" to explain the causes of "frog politics" in Malaysia.On the one hand,Malaysia's party-centric patronage network provides incentives for members of parliament to jump ship.Members of parliament who move between parties benefit because the patronage networks they operate in are shaped by parties rather than other actors.On the other hand,Malaysia's multi-party coalition system provides institutional convenience for members of parliament to jump ship.Compared with a two-party system,members of parliament have more opportunities to jump ship in a multi-party coalition system,whereby jumping members of parliament can choose between a number of political parties to which they intend to belong.Considering the deep causes of the formation of "frog politics",the role of anti-job-hopping law in the political transformation of Malaysia still needs to be further tested in practice.

关 键 词：青蛙政治 马来西亚 议员跳槽 庇护网络 多党联盟制 政党政治 

分 类 号：D733.821[政治法律—政治学]