国际人权法视角下应对日本的核污染水处置  

Responding to Japan’s disposal of nuclear‑contaminated water from the perspective of international human rights law

作　　者：张晏瑲 赵晓楠 ZHANG Yanqiang;ZHAO Xiaonan(Law School,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian Liaoning 116026,China;Institute for Bohai and Yellow Sea Studies,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian Liaoning 116026,China)

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院,辽宁大连116026 [2]大连海事大学黄渤海研究院,辽宁大连116026

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2023年第11期187-198,共12页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：辽宁省社会科学规划基金重大委托项目“日本排放核污水背景下的跨境核损害赔偿法律问题研究”(批准号:L23ZD072)。

摘　　要：含有放射性核素的核污染水被日本排放到海洋后,将通过循环和富集作用进入整个生态系统,通过食物链进入人体,对生态系统和人体健康产生不可逆转的影响,且这种损害会伴随核污染水的持续排放日渐显著。尊重和保障人权是国际共识,保护基本人权的义务是国家依照国际法与国内法应当承担的实质性义务。自福岛核泄漏事故发生以来,日本在灾民安置、降低核辐射水平、核污染水处置等方面持续违反保障人权的国际法律,其行为已经或将持续损害本国国民及世界各国人民的环境权、生存权、发展权、食物权等基本人权。福岛核泄漏事发后,民众与参与核污染物处置的工人被持续暴露在高辐射环境中,其生存权、发展权与健康权受到威胁。日本的灾民安置与环境恢复工作存在疏漏,该国国民享有的在不受核辐射影响的适宜环境中健康生存并获取食物的环境权与食物权受到损害。核污染水排海致使周边国家乃至世界人民也成为日本核污染的潜在受害者。人权原则是人类命运共同体理论的基本理念与宗旨,人权是中国积极参与联合国事务和全球治理的重要领域,对日本潜在的侵害世界人权的行为主动发声彰显了负责任大国担当。面对日本违背法律义务、侵犯人权的行为中国可以采取有理有利有节的应对策略,如包括呼吁国际社会根据《罗马规约》以危害人类罪的罪名追究日本的国际刑事责任;推进关于生态灭绝罪与海洋环境犯罪的学理讨论。此外,可以坚持请求国际法院咨询意见并尝试实体追责两条途径并行,同时借助国际人权组织的相关程序发声。The nuclear-contaminated water containing radionuclides discharged into the ocean by Japan will enter the entire ecosys-tem through circulation and biomagnification and enter the human body through the food chain,posing a great risk of irreversible im-pacts on the ecosystem and human health.Such damage will become increasingly pronounced with the continuous discharge of nuclear-contaminated water.It is an international consensus that human rights should be respected and guaranteed,and the obligation to protect basic human rights is a substantive obligation of the state under international law and domestic laws.Since the Fukushima nuclear acci-dent,Japan has continued to violate its international legal obligations to safeguard human rights in such areas as the resettlement of di-saster victims,the reduction of radiation levels,and the disposal of contaminated water,and its actions have already jeopardized and will continue to jeopardize basic human rights such as the right to the environment,the right to life,the right to development,and the right to food,for its own people and for the people of all countries in the world.In the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear meltdown,people and workers involved in the disposal of nuclear contaminants were continuously exposed to high levels of radiation,which threat-ened their rights to survival,development,and health.The Japanese people’s environmental and food rights to healthy existence and food in a suitable environment free from the effects of nuclear radiation have been jeopardized by the negligence of the country’s efforts to resettle the victims and restore the environment.As a result of the discharge of the nuclear-contaminated water,the people of neigh-boring countries and even the world are also potential victims of Japan’s nuclear contamination and bear the risk of human rights viola-tions.The principle of human rights is the basic concept and purpose of the theory of a human community with a shared future,and hu-man rights is an important area in which Chin

关 键 词：福岛核污染水 危害人类罪 人权救济 环境权 生存权 

分 类 号：DF9[政治法律—国际法学]