金属材料表面纳米化研究与进展  

Research and Progress on Surface Nanocrystallization of Metallic Materials

作　　者：杨庆 徐文文 周伟[1] 刘璐华 赖朝彬[1] YANG Qing;XU Wenwen;ZHOU Wei;LIU Luhua;LAI Chaobin(Department of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry,Jiangxi University of Technology,Jiangxi Ganzhou 341000,China)

机构地区：[1]江西理工大学材料冶金化学学部,江西赣州341000

出　　处：《表面技术》2024年第4期20-33,共14页Surface Technology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(52174316,51974139);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2905200,2022YFC2905205);江西省自然科学基金项目(20212ACB204008)。

摘　　要：大多数金属材料的失效都是从其表面开始的,进而影响整个材料的整体性能。研究表明,在金属材料表面制备纳米晶,实现表面纳米化,可以提升材料的表面性能,延长其使用寿命。金属材料表面纳米化是指利用反复剧烈塑性变形让表层粗晶粒逐步得到细化,材料中形成晶粒沿厚度方向呈梯度变化的纳米结构层,分别为表面无织构纳米晶层、亚微米细晶层、粗晶变形层和基体层,这种独特的梯度纳米结构对金属材料表面性能的大幅度提升效果显著。根据国内外表面纳米化的研究成果,首先对表面涂层或沉积、表面自纳米化以及混合纳米化3种金属表面纳米化方法进行了简要概述,阐述了各自优缺点,总结了表面自纳米化技术的优势,在此基础上重点分析了位错和孪晶在金属材料表面自纳米化过程中所起的关键作用,提出了金属材料表面自纳米化机制与材料结构、层错能大小有着密不可分的联系,对金属材料表面自纳米化机制的研究现状进行了归纳;阐明了表面纳米化技术在金属材料性能提升上的巨大优势,主要包括对硬度、强度、腐蚀、耐磨、疲劳等性能的改善。最后总结了现有表面强化工艺需要克服的关键技术,对未来的研究工作进行了展望,并提出将表面纳米化技术与电镀、气相沉积、粘涂、喷涂、化学热处理等现有的一些表面处理技术相结合,取代高成本的制造技术,制备出价格低廉、性能更加优异的复相表层。It is well known that the failure of most metallic materials starts from their surfaces,which in turn affects the overall performance of the whole material.Numerous studies have shown that the preparation of nanocrystals on the surface of metallic materials,i.e.,surface nanosizing,can enhance the surface properties of materials and extend their service life.Surface nanosizing of metallic materials makes use of repeated violent plastic deformation to make the surface coarse grains gradually refine to the nanometer level, forming nanostructured layers with gradient changes of grains along the thickness direction, including surface non-woven nanocrystalline layer, submicron fine crystal layer, coarse crystal deformation layer and matrix layer, and this unique gradient nanostructure is effective for the significant improvement of surface properties of metallic materials. The process technology and related applications of nanocrystalline layers on the surface of metallic materials in China and abroad are introduced, and the research progress of high-performance gradient nanostructured materials is discussed. Starting from the classification of the preparation process of gradient nanostructured materials and combining with the research results of surface nanosizing in China and abroad, a brief overview of three methods of metal surface nanosizing, namely, surface coating or deposition, surface self-nanosizing and hybrid nanosizing, was given, the advantages and disadvantages of each were discussed and the advantages of surface self-nanosizing technology were summarized. On the basis of this, the key role of dislocations and twins in the process of surface self-nanitrification of metallic materials was analyzed, and the mechanism of surface self-nanitrification of metallic materials was inextricably linked to the material structure and the size of layer dislocation energy, and the current research status of the mechanism of surface self-nanitrification of metallic materials was summarized. Finally, the key technologies

关 键 词：金属材料 表面纳米化 梯度纳米结构 纳米化机理 表面性能 

分 类 号：TG178[金属学及工艺—金属表面处理]