最近将来的时体地位的跨语言思考  

Reflections on the status of the immediate future between tense and aspect from a cross-linguistic perspective

作　　者：陈前瑞[1] 韩苏日古嘎 CHEN Qianrui;HAN Suriguga(School of Liberal Arts,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院,北京市100872

出　　处：《外语教学与研究》2024年第1期52-63,159,共13页Foreign Language Teaching and Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“汉语将来时表达的区域类型研究”(21AYY021)的资助。

摘　　要：在类型学研究中,“最近将来”与“即行体”“展望体”的时间指称相同,都是用一定的语法形式表示事件即将发生。但这三个术语的上位范畴归属不一,引起了诸多争议。本文通过考察跨语言语料,提出它们的“时”意义更为突出,随着语法化程度的提高可以有较为单纯的预测用法。汉语、西格陵兰语和蒙古语的语料证明最近将来直接源于多种不同的“体”意义。英语的历时演变表明最近将来或展望体用法与一般将来时存在演变关系。“即时”或“最近”这一语义特点在一些语言中不具有稳定性,有时与一般将来时难以明确区分。把表达即将发生的语法语素类型归为一种阶段体,不便于解释语法化的单向性,也不便于进行时体的跨语言比较。In typological research,the time reference of the immediate future is the same as that of the proximative and prospective,both of which use a certain grammatical form to indicate that an event is about to occur.However,differences in the upper category have caused many controversies.By examining cross-linguistic corpora,this paper proposes that their tense meaning is more prominent and that they can have relatively pure prediction use with the advancement of grammaticalization.The materials of Chinese,West Greenlandic and Mongolian prove that the immediate future can be directly derived from a variety of aspectual meanings.The diachronic evolution of English indicates an evolutionary relationship between the usage of the immediate future or the prospective and simple future.The semantic features of the proximate or immediate future are unstable,and sometimes,it is difficult to distinguish it clearly from a simple future.If the gram-type of the immediate future is classified as phasal aspect,it is not convenient to explain the unidirectionality of grammaticalization or make cross-linguistic comparisons between tense and aspect.

关 键 词：最近将来 即行体 时体 跨语言比较 

分 类 号：H043[语言文字—语言学]