Aqueous electrochemical delithiation of cathode materials as a strategy to selectively recover lithium from waste lithium-ion batteries  

作　　者：Pier Giorgio Schiavi Andrea Giacomo Marrani Olga Russina Ludovica D’Annibale Francesco Amato Francesca Pagnanelli Pietro Altimari 

机构地区：[1]Department of Chemistry,Sapienza University of Rome,Piazzale Aldo Moro n.5,00185 Rome,Italy

出　　处：《Journal of Energy Chemistry》2024年第1期144-153,I0004,共11页能源化学（英文版）

基　　金：the Horizon Europe Project“Batteries reuse and direct production of high performances cathodic and anodic materials and other raw materials from batteries recycling using low cost and environmentally friendly technologies” (RHINOCEROS project,grant no.101069685)。

摘　　要：Lithium recovery from end-of-life Li-ion batteries(LIBs)through pyro-and hydrometallurgical recycling processes involves several refining stages,with high consumption of reagents and energy.A competitive technological alternative is the electrochemical oxidation of the cathode materials,whereby lithium can be deintercalated and transferred to an electrolyte solution without the aid of chemical extracting compounds.This article investigates the potential to selectively recover Li from LIB cathode materials by direct electrochemical extraction in aqueous solutions.The process allowed to recovering up to 98%of Li from high-purity commercial cathode materials(LiMn_(2)O_(4),LiCoO_(2),and Li Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Co_(1/3)O_(2))with a faradaic efficiency of 98%and negligible co-extraction of Co,Ni,and Mn.The process was then applied to recover Li from the real waste LIBs black mass obtained by the physical treatment of electric vehicle battery packs.This black mass contained graphite,conductive carbon,and metal impurities from current collectors and steel cases,which significantly influenced the evolution and performances of Li electrochemical extraction.Particularly,due to concomitant oxidation of impurities,lithium extraction yields and faradaic efficiencies were lower than those obtained with high-purity cathode materials.Copper oxidation was found to occur within the voltage range investigated,but it could not quantitatively explain the reduced Li extraction performances.In fact,a detailed investigation revealed that above 1.3 V vs.Ag/Ag Cl,conductive carbon can be oxidized,contributing to the decreased Li extraction.Based on the reported experimental results,guidelines were provided that quantitatively enable the extraction of Li from the black mass,while preventing the simultaneous oxidation of impurities and,consequently,reducing the energy consumption of the proposed Li recovery method.

关 键 词：Lithium recovery Lithium-ion batteries recycling Electrochemical lithium extraction Lithium selective EXTRACTION 

分 类 号：TF826.3[冶金工程—有色金属冶金] X705[环境科学与工程—环境工程]