契丹字拟音的再检讨  

A re-examination of the phonological reconstruction of Khitan language

作　　者：孙伯君[1] SUN Bojun

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所,北京

出　　处：《中国语文》2024年第1期100-110,128,共12页Studies of the Chinese Language

摘　　要：鉴于此前学界基于汉字拟定契丹文的读音时,对古代汉语与阿尔泰语语音系统的总体差异,汉语在契丹人口语中的“番式”变读的认识还不够系统,本文特结合女真文文献、汉语在蒙古语中的“番式”变读规律,以及契丹小字对汉字的注音等,梳理了契丹人口语中汉语的声韵规律,进一步探讨了契丹文的拟音问题。契丹“番式”汉语的语音特征包括:汉语疑母字-和来母字1-在契丹人口语中发生了增音变读,分别读作*■-、*■-;汉语匣、喻、影母字在契丹人口语中发生了变读,匣母字变读作h-/g-/k-,部分影、喻母字发生了增音变读,作*-■(i);汉语非、敷两母f-在契丹人口语中读作p-;契丹人把汉语齿头音ts-ts^(h)-、s-变读为一个s-音位;汉语日母字在契丹人口语中往往读作■-或s-;汉语人声字韵尾-t、-k、p在契丹人口语中变成阴声韵;汉语部分鼻音-m、-■韵尾字在契丹人口语中有变读人-n的情况;契丹语中只有一套塞音声母,不区分汉语的送气塞音和不送气塞音。这种带有“番式”变读的辽代汉语,在金代又进一步得到强化。Based on Jurchen literature,the Mongolian pronunciation of Chinese words,and the transcription of Chinese characters with Khitan small script,this paper analyzes the sound laws of Chinese variants in spoken Khitan language and discusses the reconstruction of Khitan language.The Khitan-style Chinese has the following phonological characteristics:The-and I-initials in standard Chinese are pronounced as*■-and*■-;The xia(匣)initials are read as h-/g-/k-and some yu(喻)and ying(影)initials are changed into*■-;The fei(非)and fu(敷)initials are pronounced as p-;The ts-,ts'-,s-are combined into s-;The ri(日)initials are read as s-or s-;The words of entering tones ended in-t,-k,-p would become words with open ending;The nasal endings-m and-are changed into-n;There is only one set of stops in Khitan language and the Chinese aspirated and non-aspirated stops are not distinguished.The use of such Khitan-style Chinese of the Liao Dynasty were further strengthened in Northerm China during the Jin Dynasty.

关 键 词：契丹小字 语音构拟 “番式”汉语 

分 类 号：H11[语言文字—汉语]