实用为本:“清代杂家”魏源“超凡主体”理论及其认识论根底  

“Qing Period Eclectic”Wei Yuan and the Pragmatic Epistemological Basis of His Theory of Extrahuman Agents

作　　者： Ma Zhaoren

机构地区：[1]湖南大学岳麓书院,湖南长沙410082

出　　处：《历史教学（下半月）》2023年第12期30-38,共9页History Teaching

摘　　要：魏源思想的认识论根底是一种实用主义。这个实用主义的特点是“治不必同,期于利民”,非常贴合先秦杂家“知国体之有此,见王治之无不贯”的学风,并且充分体现于魏源所创的“超凡主体”理论之中。或许因为魏源的“进步人物”身份,他这个超凡主体理论没有引起应有的关注,但这个超凡主体理论实际上是魏源思想的核心理论部件。本文对此进行阐述,分两个主要方面:其一,某些超凡主体具备福善祸淫的能力和意图;其二,这些超凡主体构成魏源一整套来世论。魏源这一套关于超凡主体的“阴教”是用以辅助“王治”,魏源也十分重视这套“阴教”的“治乱”功效,并为此做出了一种“功能主义解释”。从“域外良友”的视角观之,这个解释策略是很符合当代演化思想的解释模型。唯有清楚认识这个超凡主体理论的轮廓,才能透彻理解魏源于《海国图志》教考诸篇所做出的评价。The epistemological basis of Wei Yuan's thought was a rather radical form of pragmatism.This radical pragmatism can be summed up in his epithet“[forms of]governance need not be identical,[as long as they]aspire to benefit the populace”.This coheres very well with the intellectual style of the pre-Qin School of Eclectics,who“knowing that the state was in such and such[a condition],saw no facet of life as being independent of monarchical governance”.This coherence is particularly well borne out in his theory of extrahuman agents.Perhaps owing to Wei Yuan's status as a“progressive figure”,his theory of extrahuman agents has failed to attract very much attention,but it is no exaggeration to say that it is one of the core theoretical components of Wei Yuan's thought.This paper gives an exposition of two facets of this theory:firstly,it held that extrahuman agents have the ability and intention to reward the good and punish the wicked;secondly,these extrahuman agents were constitutive parts of an entire package of eschatological ideas offered by Wei Yuan.This whole package of“arcane teachings”was intended by Wei Yuan to supplement and support monarchical governance,and Wei Yuan particularly emphasised the efficacy of these“arcane teachings”in the“suppression of disorder”,providing a type of functionalist explanation of his theory.Looked at from the perspective of a“well-intentioned outsider”,the functionalist explanation given by Wei Yuan is quite compatible with contemporary evolutionary thought.There are also several evaluations given by Wei Yuan in the chapters of the Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms related to religion which make much better sense once one has a grasp on the outlines of Wei's theory of extrahuman agents.

关 键 词：魏源 超凡主体 福善祸淫 实用主义 杂家 

分 类 号：K251[历史地理—历史学]