重树海洋文化自信——以对明代海禁法律闭关锁国观点的批评为中心  

Restoring Confidence in Marine Culture:Centered on Criticism of the View of the Ming Dynasty’s Law on Maritime Prohibition as Closed-Door and Isolationism

作　　者：王栋[1] 徐祥民[2] Wang Dong;Xu Xiangmin

机构地区：[1]南开大学 [2]浙江工商大学

出　　处：《中国文化研究》2023年第4期1-16,共16页Chinese Culture Research

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“新时期中国海洋战略研究”(13JZD041)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《大明律》“海禁条”是用于和平管理的关津管理法,由皇帝临时发布的“海禁诏令”是紧急状态法。前者不是后者的立法依据,后者也不是前者的执行法。明朝并不存在“律令一致”的海禁法律体系。明代海禁呈现出复杂多变、弛禁交替的变化趋势,绝非所谓“终明一世”,“海禁诏令”在明代是可立可废、可行可止、可有可无的一类法令,而非文化上必不可少的法律制度。除洪武年间及崇祯年间几条禁海诏令具有战时管理法的性质外,两次严厉的禁海诏令都是不同群体对海洋贸易所带来的巨大利益争夺的体现。永乐年间是朝廷与民间争利,嘉靖年间是官僚资产阶级“贵官家”与民间海商争利。“海禁诏令”不仅不是明王朝缺乏海洋意识的佐证,恰恰是明王朝深刻认识海洋贸易所蕴含的巨大利益的体现。The“Regulation of Maritime Prohibition”in the Great Ming Code is a law for the peaceful management of checkpoints,while the“Maritime Prohibition Edicts”issued by the emperor on a temporary basis is an emergency law.The former is not the legislative basis for the latter,and the latter is not the execution law for the former.There was no consistent legal system for maritime prohibition in the Ming Dynasty.The maritime prohibition in the Ming Dynasty showed a complex and varied trend,with a fluctuation between strict and lax measures,and it was by no means a permanent fixture throughout the Ming Dynasty.The“Maritime Prohibition Edicts”in the Ming Dynasty could be established or abolished,enforced or stopped,and they were not an culturally indispensable legal system.Except for a few wartime management laws during the Hongwu and Chongzhen periods,the two severe edicts on maritime prohibition reflected the competition for significant benefits brought by maritime trade between different groups.During the Yongle period,it was a struggle for profit between the court and the people,while during the Jiajing period,it was a competition for profit between the bureaucratic bourgeoisie,known as the“privileged officials,”and the civilian maritime merchants.The“Maritime Prohibition Edicts”is not evidence of a lack of maritime awareness in the Ming Dynasty,but rather a reflection of the Ming Dynasty's profound understanding of the enormous benefits contained in maritime trade.

关 键 词：海洋文化 海禁 大明律 闭关锁国 

分 类 号：D909.9[政治法律—法学理论]