宪法通信权双重保护论  

A Theory of Dual-protection of Constitutional Correspondence Rights

作　　者：屠振宇 TU Zhenyu

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2024年第1期55-71,共17页Chinese Journal of Law

基　　金：天津市哲学社会科学规划2022年度重点项目“物联网时代公民通信权的宪法变迁与规范建构”(TJFX22-003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：现行宪法上的通信权条款呈现为一种双层构造,其设定的宪法保护并非一般法律保留和加重法律保留,而是一般宪法保护与特别宪法保护。通信自由和通信秘密在内容上相互交织、不可分割,二者作为一个整体,既是实现言论自由的重要手段,也体现了国家对于公民个人隐私权的尊重和保障。肯定性的一般宪法保护和禁止性的特别宪法保护在功能上各有侧重,为通信自由和通信秘密提供着梯度化的动态保护;禁止性的特别宪法保护,针对的是具有侵犯属性的通信权干预方式。宪法针对通信检查这种典型的干预方式设定了通信检查三要件,通信检查构成相对禁止事项。在针对其他通信权干预方式的合宪性审查中,通信检查三要件具有参考价值。对于较为严重的通信权千预方式,应设定不低于通信检查三要件之严格程度的限制条件;对于相对缓和的干预方式,则适用不低于“受法律的保护”之严格程度的较低强度宪法保护。The correspondence rights clause in the current Chinese Constitution presents a two-tiered structure,which creates constitutional protection not in the form of simple and aggravated legal reservations,but in the form of general and special constitutional protection.Freedom of correspondence and confidentiality of correspondence are intertwined and inseparable in content and,as a whole,they are both important means of realizing the freedom of expression and embodying the State's respect for and protection of citizens'right to privacy.Affirmative general constitutional protection and prohibitive special constitutional protection are with different functional focus,and provide graded and dynamic protection for the freedom and confidentiality of correspondence.Prohibitive special constitutional protection is directed against forms of interference with correspondence rights that are invasive in nature.The Constitution establishes three legal conditions of correspondence examination in relation to the typical form of interference,which constitute a relative prohibition.In the constitutional review of other means of interference with correspondence rights,the three legal conditions of correspondence examination are of reference value.For the more serious forms of interference in correspondence rights,a review standard no less strict than the three legal conditions of correspondence examination should be set,and for the relatively moderate forms of interference,a standard of constitutional protection no less strict than"protection by law"should be applied.

关 键 词：通信权 通信自由 通信秘密 法律保留 合宪性审查 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]