从隶属走向共享:财政利益、统一大市场与企业高质量发展  

From Affiliation to Sharing:Fiscal Benefits,Unified Market and High-quality Development of Enterprises

作　　者：谢贞发[1] 杨健鹏 梅思雨 XIE Zhenfa;YANG Jianpeng;MEI Siyu(School of Economics,Xiamen University)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学经济学院

出　　处：《数量经济技术经济研究》2024年第2期26-46,共21页Journal of Quantitative & Technological Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA096)的资助。

摘　　要：国家发展整体性与地方发展积极性是贯穿中国经济体制改革的重要矛盾,市场统一与市场分割的对立是矛盾的突出体现。为了打破地方保护和市场分割,促进商品要素资源在更大范围内畅通流动,必须深入研究财政体制对市场一体化的激励性效应。分税制以来,中央通过将主要流动性税种从隶属税转为共享税,在财政利益上扭转了地方激励机制扭曲:“降分成”减少了地方政府来自隶属企业的财政利益,引导打破市场分割;“扩税基”赋予了地方政府通过市场一体化建设做大税基的财政激励,推动形成统一市场。基于2002年所得税分成改革,本文实证检验了财政利益、统一市场与企业效率的内在联系。研究结果表明,市县级政府在中央与省级政府参与分享后的边际所得税损失越高,则地区企业的全要素生产率提升越多,以非隶属企业与民营企业最为明显。改革使市县级政府偏好的政策工具从立足地方保护的财政补贴转向以招商引资为目标的税收优惠,优化了企业进入退出机制,降低了企业非生产性支出,削弱了市场垄断程度。生产率分解结果显示,提升主要源自企业成长效应与退出效应。本文的研究为进一步推进央地间尤其是省以下财政体制改革、加快全国统一大市场建设提供了有益启示。The contradiction between the integrity of development and the initiative of development runs through the reform of China’s economic system,and its important manifestation is the opposition between market integration and segmentation.To break the market segmentation and accelerate crossregion economic integration,it is imperative to explore the incentive effect of the tax distribution system on market integration.Since the tax distribution system reform,the central government has reversed the distortion of market segmentation by changing the main liquidity tax from a subordinate tax to a shared tax.Regarding corporate income tax,on the one hand,the central and provincial governments participate in the sharing of tax revenue,and the local governments face income tax losses.On the other hand,the income tax revenues are no longer divided according to administrative affiliation,which means that the local governments can benefit from all local enterprises rather than just affiliated ones.For the local governments,the more the tax sharing proportion falls in the reform,the more the benefits derived from affiliated firms fall and the weaker the incentive to implement local protection.Therefore,it gives local governments the impetus to build a unified market,and the result of competition for liquidity factors determines the inter-regional attribution of tax revenues.Based on the difference in income tax losses caused by fiscal system documents of provinces,we empirically test the relationship between fiscal benefits,unified market,and total factor productivity of enterprises using the difference-in-difference method.We find that the higher the income tax loss of local government,the more the TFP of enterprises increases,and the effect mainly exists in nonaffiliated and private enterprises.Further,the reform has a stronger impact on small and medium-sized enterprises,enterprises located on provincial borders,and enterprises in the central and western regions of China.The reform has changed the policy tool preferred by t

关 键 词：税收分成 财政利益 统一大市场 全要素生产率 

分 类 号：F812.2[经济管理—财政学]