地缘政治回归与国际产业地理变迁——以苹果公司的供应链战略调整为例  

The Return of Geopolitics and the Change of International Industrial Geography:Supply Chain Strategy Adjustment of Apple Inc.

作　　者：李巍[1,2] 许悦 Li Wei;Xu Yue(the School of International Studies,Renmin University of China;the Center for American Studies,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院,北京100872 [2]中国人民大学美国研究中心,北京100872

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2024年第1期71-107,173,174,共39页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：中国人民大学2023—2025年度明德研究品牌计划“中国经济外交的理论与实践”(项目批准号:14XNJ006)的部分成果。

摘　　要：在大国地缘政治竞争日益紧绷的巨大压力之下,企业的供应链安全尤其是那些具有战略性意义的超级企业的供应链安全成为事关国家安全和发展的重大问题。该问题已经远超商学范畴,需要国际政治经济学的介入。作为全球电子产业最重要的超级企业,苹果公司在经济全球化高歌猛进之际,基于中国的产业向心力实施供应链的效率战略,将供应链向中国大量集聚;但在中美战略博奔加剧的背景下,美国通过三场“经济战”对华施加产业离心力,苹果公司开始感知到日益严峻的供应链安全困境。为此,苹果公司不得不部分放弃效率原则,执行供应链的安全战略,即推动供应链多元化以减少对中国的依赖,具体表现为向印度和越南转移和向美国回流两方面,但这一过程因成本高昂且充满各种痛苦和挑战。超级企业的供应链安全困境和供应链战略调整是理解国际产业地理变迁的一把“钥匙”。同时,苹果公司的新一轮产业布局充分展示了在经济全球化遭遇地缘政治回归的新时代市场力量与国家力量、效率逻辑与安全逻辑的矛盾碰撞,预示着整个国际经济秩序演进的基本方向。With the increasing geopolitical pressure brought by the great powers competition,the supply chain security of enterprises,especially those with strategic significance,has become a critical issue concerning national security and development.This issue has gone far beyond the scope of business and calls for research from the perspective of international political economy.As the most distinguished super enterprise in the global electronics industry,Apple Inc.adopted an efficiency strategy and gathered its supply chains to China due to China's industry attraction.However,in the context of the intensifying Sino-US strategic competition,the US launched three economic wars in order to exert industry repulsion on China,during which Apple Inc.began to perceive an increasingly severe dilemma regarding its supply chain security.Apple Inc.thus has to sacrifice efficiency and implement a security strategy for the supply chain,that is,diversifying supply chains to reduce overreliance on China.The supply chain of Apple Inc.is shifting to India and returning to the US,but this process is fraught with various pains and challenges due to it high economic costs.The supply chain security dilemma and supply chain strategy adjustment of super enterprises can be regarded as keys to understanding the change of international industrial geography.A falling leaf is the herald of autumn.The supply chain strategy adjustment of Apple Inc.demonstrates the contradiction and collision between market forces and state forces,efficiency logic and security logic in the new era of economic globalization encountered with the return of geopolitics.This indicates the basic direction of the evolution of the international economic order.

关 键 词：超级企业 供应链安全困境 产业向心力 产业离心力 国际产业地理 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]