日本的区域人口增减分化与人口老龄化  

Differentiated Regional Population Growth and Population Aging in Japan

作　　者：杨舸[1] YANG Ge(Institute of Population and Labor Economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100006,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所,北京100006

出　　处：《日本问题研究》2023年第6期51-61,共11页Japanese Research

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“促进人口流动与城乡要素一体化协调的户籍制度改革研究”(21BJL090)。

摘　　要：日本是亚洲最早完成人口转变、目前人口老龄化程度最高的国家。日本的人口转变具有典型的“东亚模式”特征,快速的人口老龄化和人口城镇化,以及地区间的人口迁移,使得日本一直面临区域人口增减分化和老龄化地区差异扩大问题。人口自然变动和机械变动的叠加使得这一趋势持续扩大和强化,加深了人口因素对区域社会经济发展的负面效应。日本政府开展了一系列制度建设,包括打造生育友好环境、实施地方振兴战略、实施过疏地域活性化措施和完善国民基础社会保障体系等。中国刚刚进入人口负增长阶段,少子化、老龄化和区域人口增减分化将成为现阶段人口发展的基本特征,需要借鉴日本经验,从鼓励生育、加大农村投入、缩小地区差距等角度开展政策储备。Japan is the first country in Asia to undergo demographic transition and has the highest degree of population aging.Its demographic transition has the characteristics of a typical“East Asian model”.Rapid population aging and urbanization,as well as inter-regional migration,have made Japan face the problems of regional population growth and decline differentiation and the expansion of regional differences in aging.The superposition of natural and mechanical changes has continued to expand this trend,and the popula-tion migration caused by regional disparities has strengthened the mechanism of differentiation and deep-ened the negative effects of demographic factors on regional socio-economic development.Therefore,Japa-nese government has carried out a series of institutional developments,including creating a childbirth-friendly environment,implementing local revitalization strategies,implementing measures to revitalize de-populated areas,and improving the national basic social security system.China has just entered the stage of negative population growth.The aging of the population,the decline in fertility,and the regional popu-lation growth and d ecline differentiation will become the basic characteristics of population development at this stage.It is necessary to learn from Japan's experience and undertake policy preparation from the per-spectives of encouraging fertility,increasing rural investment,and narrowing regional disparities.

关 键 词：区域人口增减分化 人口迁移 人口老龄化 

分 类 号：C924.3[社会学—人口学] C924.7