治安管理行政处罚的正当性证成及制度完善  

Justification and Institutional Improvement of Administrative Punishments for Public Security Administration

作　　者：王明喆 WANG Mingzhe

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学法学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2024年第1期121-136,共16页Journal Of CUPL

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“行政义务实效性确保手段的多元化与规范化研究”(项目批准号:23YJC820036)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：违警罪制度在域外经历了复杂的变迁。德国违警罪经历了从犯罪行为到违反秩序行为的变迁,处罚权限也由司法机关转移至行政机关。日本仍然保持了将违警行为作为犯罪的做法,但这种过度依赖犯罪与刑罚的做法遭到学界的广泛批判。违警罪制度于清末被引入我国,在民国时期经历了明显的去刑法化的过程。新中国成立后,民国时期的法制得到彻底改造,但治安管理领域内行政违法与犯罪的二元制结构以及行政机关的处罚权限得以保留。治安管理行政处罚的存在符合刑事立法的谦抑主义原则,同时有助于快速处理违法行为,减轻司法机关负担,符合效能原则。但另一方面,治安管理行政处罚存在继续完善的空间。行政处罚与刑事处罚的二元制裁体系虽然具有合理性,但是行政违法和犯罪的界限必须清晰。治安管理行政处罚虽然符合效能原则,但是行政机关不应享有人身自由罚的处罚权限。为了进一步提升效能,可以在例外情况下承认司法机关的行政处罚权。The system of police offenses has undergone complex changes in foreign countries.The crime of police offenses in Germany has undergone a transformation from criminal behavior to disorderly behavior,and the punishment authority has also been transferred from judicial organs to administrative organs.Japan still maintains the practice of treating police offenses as crimes,but this excessive reliance on crime and punishment has been widely criticized by the academic community.The system of police offenses was introduced into China in the late Qing Dynasty and underwent obvious decriminalization during the Republic of China period.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China,the legal system during the Republic of China period was thoroughly reformed,but the binary structure of administrative illegality and crime in the field of public security administration,as well as the punishment authority of administrative organs,was preserved.On the one hand,the existence of administrative punishment for public security administration not only conforms to the principle of humility in criminal legislation,but also helps to quickly handle illegal acts,reduces the burden on judicial organs,and complies with the principle of efficiency.On the other hand,there is room for further improvement in administrative punishment for public security administration.Although the dual sanction system of administrative punishment and criminal punishment is reasonable,the boundary between administrative illegality and crime must be clear.Although administrative punishment for public security administration complies with the principle of efficiency,administrative organs should not have the authority to impose personal freedom penalties.In order to further improve efficiency,the administrative punishment power of judicial organs can be recognized in exceptional circumstances.

关 键 词：治安管理处罚 违警罪 轻犯罪法 二元制裁体系 

分 类 号：D922.14[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]