论行政处罚裁量基准制度的构建——以海关行政处罚为例  

On the Construction of Administrative Penalty Discretion Benchmark System--Taking Administrative Penalties From Customs as an Example

作　　者：翟东堂 ZHAI Dong-tang(School of Government,University of International Business and Economics,Beijing 100029)

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学政府管理学院,北京100029

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2024年第1期123-134,共12页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：2020年度对外经贸大学校级一般项目“我国海关国境卫生检疫法律制度完善研究”(项目编号:20YB10)。

摘　　要：2021年修订的《行政处罚法》从法律的层面对裁量基准作出了明确规定,海关领域随后启动行政处罚裁量基准的制定研究工作。从海关行政处罚裁量基准的现状来看,面临着制定技术有待完善、制定主体范围不清和程序缺乏规范化等问题,这些问题具有代表性。欲构建系统完备的行政处罚裁量基准制度,其具体性与能动性相协调、动态性与稳定性相协调、规范性与实践性相协调的基本要求应得到满足。行政处罚裁量基准制度的构建应从制定技术的选择、制定主体与制定程序的确立入手。在制定技术的选择上,行政机关应摆脱传统“情节细化”与“效果格化”分格技术的路径依赖,引入动态调整技术作为控权技术的补充。在规范确定性与妥当性存在冲突时,动态调整技术选择牺牲部分规则的确定性来换取规则的妥当性,其在裁量基准制度中的直接载体是逸脱条款与定期更新程序。行政机关还应分别从“复合主义”与“程序正义”立场实现制定主体与制定程序的规范构造。The"Law on Administrative Penalty"revised in 2021 clearly stipulates the discretion benchmarks from the legal level,and the customs field subsequently initiated research on the formulation of administrative penalty discretion benchmarks.Judging from the current situation of customs administrative penalty discretion benchmarks,we are faced with problems such as the formulation technology that needs to be improved,the scope of the formulation subjects being unclear,and the procedures lacking standardization.These problems are representative.In order to build a systematic and complete administrative penalty discretion benchmark system,the basic requirements of coordination between concreteness and initiative,dynamics and stability,and normativeness and practicality should be met.The construction of administrative penalty discretion benchmark system should start with the selection of formulation technology,formulation subject and establishment of formulation procedure.In the choice of formulating technology,administrative agencies should get rid of the path dependence of traditional""plot refinement"and"effect grid"technology,and introduce dynamic adjustment technology as a supplement to power control technology.When there is a conflict between normative certainty and appropriateness,dynamic adjustment technology chooses to sacrifice the certainty of some rules in exchange for the appropriateness of the rules.Its direct carriers in the discretion benchmark system are escape clauses and regular update procedures.The administrative agency should also realize the normative structure of the formulation subject and the formulation procedure from the standpoints of"compoundism"and"procedural justice".

关 键 词：行政处罚裁量基准 动态调整技术 制定主体 制定程序 

分 类 号：D922.11[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]