消费信贷视角下个人破产免责的理念与规则  

The Concepts and Legal Rules of Individual Insolvency Exemption from the Perspective of Consumer Credit

作　　者：周颖 ZHOU Ying(Law School,Qingdao University,Qingdao Shandong 266071,China)

机构地区：[1]青岛大学法学院,山东青岛266071

出　　处：《现代法学》2024年第1期164-176,共13页Modern Law Science

基　　金：山东省社科规划年度青年项目“消费金融产品信息披露制度研究”(19DFXJ02)。

摘　　要：相较于经营性负债的免责,消费负债在个人破产中的免责存在更为显著的理念证成难题与规则设置难题。从消费信贷的视角来看,免责以破产消费者遭遇生活风险和以尽力偿债为前提,不属于对借贷消费与逃废债的纵容,与社会传统观念并无实质冲突。个人破产免责制度应当践行以人民为中心的发展思想,具备释放和有效控制和释放消费信贷金融风险,以及激励破产消费者尽力偿债并使之获得重生的功能。为此,应构建“宽严相济”的个人破产免责制度:构建合理高效的免责程序,包括实现清算免责程序与破产程序的同步化,破产清算采用许可免责但不设置免责考察期,重整计划或和解计划执行完毕后设置自动免责;在清算免责、重整免责以及和解免责之间设置阶梯状的免责条件,包括递减的不予免责事由、不予免责债务以及二次破产的免责限制等。Compared with the exemption of operating debts,the exemption of consumer debts in individual insolvency has more significant problems of the proof of concept and the setting of legal rules.However,from the perspective of consumer credit,exemption is based on the premise that bankrupt consumers encounter life risks and try their best to repay debts.The exemption does not support borrowing for consumption or debt evasion,nor does it have any real conflict with the traditional values of society.Further,a reasonable insolvency discharge system of the individual practicing the development concept of putting the people at the center,should have the function of effectively controlling and releasing the financial risks of consumer credit on the onehand;and on the other hand,have the function of motivating bankrupt consumers to try their best torepay their debts and reborn.Accordingly,at present,Chinese individual insolvency legislation should be based on the concept of combining tolerance and strictness.First,build a reasonable and efficient exemption procedure:realize the synchronization of the liquidation exemption procedure and the liquidation insolvency procedure;the liquidation insolvency should adopt the permission exemption doctrine but should not set an exemption inspection period;after the implementation of the reorganization plan or reconciliation plan exemption should be automatically realized.Second,set up gradually relaxed ladder-like exemption conditions between liquidation exemption,reorganization exemption and reconciliation exemption,including gradually reducing legalsituations and gradually narrowing scope of debts for non-exemption,and tapering restrictions for secondary insolvency exemption,etc.

关 键 词：个人破产免责 消费信贷 免责理念 免责程序 免责条件 

分 类 号：DF522[政治法律—民商法学]