灌溉水温与施氮量对滴灌棉田土壤水热及棉花生长和产量的影响  

Effects of Irrigation Water Temperature and Nitrogen Application Rate on Soil Hydrothermal Environment and Cotton Growth and Yield Under Mulched Drip Irrigation

作　　者：何静 王振华 刘健 马占利 温越 HE Jing;WANG ZhenHua;LIU Jian;MA ZhanLi;WEN Yue(College of Water Conservancy&Architectural Engineering,Shihezi University/Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation of Xinjiang Production&Construction Group/Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Shihezi 832003,Xinjiang)

机构地区：[1]石河子大学水利建筑工程学院/现代节水灌溉兵团重点实验室/农业农村部西北绿洲节水农业重点实验室,新疆石河子832003

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第2期319-335,共17页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家“十四五”重点研发计划(2022YFD1900405);国家自然科学基金(52279040);兵团重大科技项目(2021AA003-1);中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2022-XY-57)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究膜下滴灌棉田土壤水热环境和棉花生长对灌溉水温与施氮量的响应机理,旨在确定北疆滴灌棉花合理的灌溉水温和施氮量。【方法】以新陆早42号棉花为试验材料,设置4个灌溉水温:15℃(T0)、20℃(T1)、25℃(T2)和30℃(T3);3个施氮水平:250 kg·hm^(-2)(F1)、300 kg·hm^(-2)(F2)和350 kg·hm^(-2)(F3),采用双因素完全随机试验设计。分析不同灌溉水温条件下施氮量对棉田土壤水热环境、棉花生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。【结果】常规灌溉水温与低氮处理降低土壤温度,抑制棉花生长,单株铃数降低并导致籽棉产量下降。适宜的灌溉水温和施氮量可以改善土壤水热环境,促进棉花生长发育,提高籽棉产量和水氮利用效率。与15℃常规灌溉水温相比,增温灌溉显著提高了土壤温度0.58—3.30℃,土壤储水量降低1.2%—7.2%,土壤呼吸速率显著提高5.7%—28.0%;随灌溉水温升高,棉花株高、叶面积指数及地上部干物质积累量先增高后降低,在灌溉水温为25℃时达最大。随施氮量增加,土壤储水量降低3.3%—6.7%,土壤呼吸速率显著提高3.6%—9.5%,棉花株高增加3.2%—4.9%,叶面积指数显著增加5.8%—11.0%,地上部干物质积累量显著增加1.2%—2.2%,均在施氮量为350 kg·hm^(-2)时达最大。水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力及籽棉产量随灌溉水温升高均先增加后减少,随施氮量增加分别表现为增加、减少、增加的趋势。通径分析表明,土壤温度对籽棉产量直接作用最大,而施氮量通过促进棉花生长对籽棉产量间接作用最大。籽棉产量与水分利用效率均在T2F2处理达到最大值,分别为6652.3 kg·hm^(-2)、1.17 kg·m^(-3),且T2F2处理的氮肥偏生产力(22.17 kg·kg^(-1))显著大于T2F3处理(18.80 kg·kg^(-1))。【结论】综合考虑灌溉水温与施氮量对土壤温度,土壤呼吸速率,棉花生长、产量及水氮利用效率的影响,推荐北疆棉区适宜灌�【Objective】The response mechanism of soil hydrothermal environment and cotton growth to irrigation temperature and nitrogen application rate under mulched drip irrigation was explored to determine the reasonable irrigation water temperature and nitrogen application rate of drip irrigation cotton in northern Xinjiang.【Method】A two-factor completely randomized experimental design was conducted with"Xinluzao 42"cotton as the experimental material with four irrigation water temperature levels(15℃(T0),20℃(T1),25℃(T2),and 30℃(T3))and three nitrogen application levels(250 kg·hm^(-2)(F1),300 kg·hm^(-2)(F2),and 350 kg·hm^(-2)(F3)).The effects of nitrogen application on soil hydrothermal environment,cotton growth and yield,and water and nitrogen use efficiency under different irrigation water temperature were analyzed.【Result】The conventional irrigation water temperature and low nitrogen treatment reduced soil temperature,inhibited cotton growth,decreased boll number per plant and seed cotton yield.Suitable irrigation water and nitrogen application could improve the soil's hydrothermal environment,promote cotton growth and development,and improve seed cotton yield and water and nitrogen utilization.Compared with 15℃of conventional irrigation water temperature,the warming irrigation significantly increased the soil temperature by 0.58-3.30℃,and soil water storage was reduced by 1.2%-7.2%,while soil respiration rate was significantly increased by 5.7%-28.0%;cotton plant height,leaf area index,and above-ground dry matter accumulation increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation water temperature,and reached the maximum at 25℃.With increasing nitrogen application rate,soil water storage decreased by 3.3%-6.7%,soil respiration rate increased significantly by 3.6%-9.5%,cotton plant height increased significantly by 3.2%-4.9%,leaf area index increased significantly by 5.8%-11.0%,and above-ground dry matter accumulation increased significantly by 1.2%-2.2%,these indicators all reached t

关 键 词：膜下滴灌 棉花 灌溉水温 氮肥 产量 水肥利用效率 北疆 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学]