我国国家公园特许经营制度的价值、现存问题与发展建议  

The Value,Existing Problems and Development Suggestions of China′s National Park Concession System

作　　者：王天蔚 刘锐 WANG Tianwei;LIU Rui(Research Department of Political and Legal Education,Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C(National Academy of Governance),Beijing 100091,China)

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)政治和法律教研部,北京100091

出　　处：《林草资源研究》2023年第6期8-17,共10页Forest Resources Management

基　　金：国家高端智库重点课题“我国自然保护地法律制度研究”(CCPSZKRL20220014);中央党校(国家行政学院)科研项目“基于权利体系化的自然资源法律制度研究”(2021ZXWZ008)。

摘　　要：国家公园特许经营制度是我国政府特许经营在生态文明建设领域的创新,不仅为国家公园的建设注入资金,还通过市场竞争机制提高了公共服务的质量;既贯彻了国家公园保护生态环境这一公共利益的基本目标,也保障了原住居民的个人利益。但国家公园特许经营制度在实施过程中仍面临着特许经营协议性质存疑、准入机制的缺陷与退出机制尚未系统规定等问题,这对特许经营制度发挥效用造成了阻碍。基于此,应赋予特许经营协议兼具“行政”与“民事”的双重性质,在协议订立阶段为行政许可,在协议实施阶段为民事合同;应通过构建特许经营管理咨询委员会,限制优先续约权的使用,以及引入“负面清单”管理模式,进一步完善特许经营准入机制;应通过构建临时接管制度、完善特许经营的监督制度等方式建立退出机制。The national park concession system is an innovation of Chinese government concessions in the field of ecological civilization construction,which not only injects funds into the construction of national parks,but also improves the quality of public services through market competition mechanism.It not only implements the basic goal of the public interest of national parks to protect the ecological environment,but also protects the personal interests of indigenous residents.However,in the process of implementation,the national park concession system still faces problems such as the questionable nature of the concession agreement,the defects of the access mechanism and the lack of systematic regulation of the exit mechanism,which hinders the effectiveness of the concession system.On this basis,the franchise agreement should be given the dual nature of both"administrative"and"civil",with an administrative license at the stage of agreement conclusion and a civil contract at the stage of agreement implementation;The franchise access mechanism should be further improved by establishing a franchise management advisory committee,restricting the use of priority renewal rights,and introducing a"negative list"management model.And through the establishment of a temporary takeover system,improve the franchise supervision system and other ways to establish an exit mechanism.

关 键 词：国家公园 特许经营 特许经营协议 准入机制 退出机制 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] X36[政治法律—法学]