玉米起源进化的“世纪之争”——且看技术进步和学科交叉如何解决重大科学问题  

Deciphering the 'Century Controversy' of the Maize Origin——Insight on the Role of Technological Advancements and Interdisciplinary Integration in Solving Major Scientific Issues

作　　者：严建兵[1] YAN Jian-bing(Huazhong Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Hubei Hongshan Laboratory,Wuhan 430070,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学/作物遗传改良全国重点实验室/湖北洪山实验室,武汉430070

出　　处：《玉米科学》2023年第6期1-6,共6页Journal of Maize Sciences

摘　　要：玉米作为世界种植最为广泛的作物之一,其起源问题一直争议不断。主要有两个假说,一个是保罗·芒格尔斯多夫提出的“三成分起源说”,另一个是乔治·比德尔提出的“大刍草单一起源假说”。分子生物学技术的发展,为单一起源假说提供了直接证据,从而得到了科学界的共识。随着科学技术不断进步,许多研究发现,玉米的大刍草单一起源假说存在诸多解释不通的现象。综合利用考古学、分子生物学、群体遗传学等研究手段,中美学者联合提出了玉米起源的新模型,即“二次起源假说”。约9 000年前,玉米单一起源于小颖大刍草亚种;6 000年前后,玉米又与墨西哥高原亚种发生了一次杂交,发生了第二次驯化,现代玉米都是来自两个不同大刍草的后代。二次起源极大地提高了现代玉米的适应性,墨西哥高原亚种为现代玉米提供了高原适应性和广泛的抗性基因,这为今天玉米成为全球适应性最广和种植面积最大的作物奠定重要的物质基础。该模型为理解人为机制对作物驯化起源的影响提供了良好范例,并为利用野生资源进行作物遗传改良奠定重要理论基础。As one of the most widely planted crops in the world,the origin of maize has been a subject of controversy.There are mainly two hypotheses:the“Tripartite Hypothesis”proposed by Paul Mangelsdorf and the“Teosinte hypothesis”proposed by George Beadle.With the development of molecular biology techniques,direct evidence has been provided for the teosinte hypothesis,which has gained consensus in the scientific community.With the continuous progress of science and technology,many studies have found that the single teosinte origin hypothesis of maize has many inexplicable phenomena.Using comprehensive research methods such as archaeology,molecular biology,and population genetics,Chinese and American scholars jointly proposed a new model for the origin of maize,namely the“secondary origin hypothesis”.About 9 000 years ago,maize originated independently from the Teosinte subspecies parviglumis;around 6 000 years ago,the old maize and the Teosinte subspecies mexicana had a hybridization,resulting in a second domestication,and modern maize came from the offspring of two different Teosinte.The secondary origin greatly improved the adaptability of modern maize.The Teosinte subspecies mexicana provided modern maize with plateau adaptability and extensive resistance genes,which laid an important material foundation for today's maize to become the most widely adapted and largest planted crop in the world.This model provides a good example for understanding the impact of human selection on the domestication and origin of crops,and lays an important theoretical foundation for using wild resources for crop genetic improvement.

关 键 词：玉米 大刍草 起源 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]