覆盖作物和氮素用量对玉米产量及光合特性的影响  

Effect of Cover Crops and Nitrogen Application Rate on Maize Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics

作　　者：吕艳杰[1] 郑培峰 孙梦璟 张珊 王永军[1] 王立春[1] 史永晖 魏雯雯[1] LÜYan-jie;ZHENG Pei-feng;SUN Meng-jing;ZHANG Shan;WANG Yong-jun;WANG Li-chun;SHI Yong-hui;WEI Wen-wen(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun 130033;Jiangsu Xianghe Agriculture Development Co.,Ltd.,Lianyungang 222048;Jinan Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center,Jinan 250023,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,长春130033 [2]江苏香河农业开发有限公司,江苏连云港222048 [3]济南市农业技术推广服务中心,济南250023

出　　处：《玉米科学》2023年第6期41-48,共8页Journal of Maize Sciences

基　　金：吉林省农业科技创新工程(CXGC2021ZY001);吉林省科技发展计划人才项目(20220508096RC);国家玉米产业技术体系岗位专家(CARS-02-19)。

摘　　要：通过2种覆盖作物和5个氮素用量大田试验,探讨氮素和覆盖作物对玉米产量和光合特性的影响。随氮素用量增加,玉米产量先升高后趋于稳定,75 kg/hm~2氮处理有效穗数最大,225 kg/hm~2氮处理穗粒数和百粒重最大;低氮水平下,黑麦覆盖玉米产量最大。覆盖作物增加玉米花后20 d前的叶绿素含量,且提高了高氮处理开花后20~40 d的叶片光合速率;黑麦覆盖显著增加玉米中、上部叶面积。光能利用差异主要在花后40 d,氮素用量225~300 kg/hm~2时黑麦覆盖最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、光化学淬灭(qP)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)均高于玉米单作。综上,玉米-覆盖作物系统的玉米低氮量处理增产幅度大,高氮量处理产量高;以黑麦覆盖处理较好。A two-factor,two cover crops(CC:Brassica napus and Secale) and five nitrogen rate(N:0,75,150,225,300 kg/ha),randomized block experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of N rate and CC on maize yield and photosynthetic characteristics in a CC-maize system.The results indicated that maize yield initially increased with increasing N rate.For both CC,the highest number of effective ears was observed at 75 kg/ha,while the highest number of grains per ear and 100-kernel weight were observed at 225 kg/ha.Under low N rate,the highest maize yield were observed,in the Secale treatment.CC increased the pigment content 20 days before tasselling,and increased photosynthetic rate under higher N rate 40 days after tasselling.Particularly,the Secale treatment significantly increased the leaf area of the middle and upper leaves.Differences in light utilization were mainly observed 40 days after flowering.At N rate of 225-300 kg/ha,the Secale treatment exhibited the highest maximum photochemical efficiency(F_v/F_m),photochemical quenching(qP),and apparent electron transport rate(ETR) compared to CK.Conclusively,the N rate and CC remarkably enhanced the increase amplitude of yield under the lower N rate and increased the yield under the higher N rate.The CC improved maize yield in the second year,and Secale was recommended.

关 键 词：玉米 覆盖作物 氮素用量 产量 光合特性 

分 类 号：S513.01[农业科学—作物学]