电子粒子观的蜕变  

Evolution of electron’s particle view

作　　者：牛谦 高阳 NIU Qian;GAO Yang(School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and TechnologyofChina,Hefei 230026,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学技术大学物理学院,合肥230026

出　　处：《物理》2024年第1期1-11,共11页Physics

摘　　要：在固体理论研究早期,电子被认为是满足牛顿力学的经典粒子。随着20世纪前半段量子力学的逐步建立,微观粒子的波动性成为精确理解微观世界的关键。这也深刻影响了人们对晶体中电子的认识:电子以布洛赫波的本征形式存在于晶体中,而其粒子性则以波包形式在大于晶格间距的空间尺度上存在。自1980年以来,人们发现布洛赫波的几何相位在固体理论中不可或缺,这进一步完善了晶体中电子的粒子观。文章旨在跟随整个固体物理研究框架的进展勾画出电子粒子观演变的大致轮廓,以一些关键物理问题为例解释电子粒子观的内涵并展示其在固体物理研究中的价值。In the early stages of solid state physics,electrons were treated as Newtonian particles obeying classical equations of motion.During the development of quantum mechanics in the first half of the 20th century,the wave nature of microscopic particles became the key to understanding various phenomena at the microscopic level.This deeply affected the perception of electrons in crystals:their eigenstates are Bloch waves while their particle nature only exists as the wave packet of Bloch waves on length scales greater than the atomic distance.After 1980,the geometric phase of Bloch waves began to play an indispensable role in modern condensed matter theory,completing the particle view of electrons in crystals.Here in this work we follow the general development of solid state physics,and demonstrate how the particle view of electrons in crystals evolved.Using several important topics as examples,we illustrate the key elements of the particle view and demonstrate its value in the study of solid state physics.

关 键 词：晶体 电子 波动性 粒子观 经典动力学 布洛赫波 波包 几何相位 半经典动力学 

分 类 号：O572.322[理学—粒子物理与原子核物理]