二战时期中国的科技动员一例——清华大学抗战时期的特种研究事业  

The Mobilization of Science and Technology in China during World War II:The Wartime Special Research at Tsinghua University

作　　者：王公 杨舰 WANG Gong;YANG Jian(Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China;Center for Social Governance and Innovation,Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School,Shenzhen 518131,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院自然科学史研究所,北京100190 [2]清华大学深圳国际研究生院社会治理与创新研究中心,深圳518131

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2023年第4期481-492,F0002,共13页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社科基金中国历史类一般项目“抗战时期中国军民营养与卫生保障问题的史料整理与研究”(项目编号:19BZS093);国家自然科学基金委托课题“中国基础研究发展的政策与国际比较研究”(项目编号:L2124019)。

摘　　要：“九·一八事变”后,面对民族的危机和社会的需求,清华大学开始了战时特种研究的探索。经过多次计划和调整,清华大学先后成立了农业、航空、无线电、金属和国情普查五个特种研究所。这些研究所的出现,首先是科学家群体科学报国的意愿和自下而上组织,而后也得到了国民政府注意和支持。这些研究所通过与政府部门及地方厂矿企业合作,展开的一系列工作直接支援了前方战场和大后方建设的需要。这段历史是中国科学家以科学服务抗战需要的伟大业绩,也是中国科学家以科学为武器参与到伟大的反法西斯战争的实证。此外,抗战时期中国的这种政府和科学家之间上下结合的协作,是科技欠发达国家科技动员的典型代表,也是对以往只关注自上而下科技动员的补充。After the“September 18 Incident”,in the face of national crisis and social needs,Tsinghua University began the exploration of wartime special research.During the War of Resistance against the Japanese Aggression,after several rounds of plans and adjustments,Tsinghua successively established five special institutes for research in agriculture,aviation,radio,metal,and national census.The emergence of these institutes was firstly the result of willingness and bottom-up organization of the scientific community of scientists to serve the country,and then of the top-down tasks and instructions of the government.These institutes carried out a series of tasks through cooperation with the government and local factories and mines.The achievements directly supported the battlefield in the front and the construction in the rear.They were a great initiative of Chinese scientists to serve the needs of the war of resistance with science,and it was also an instance of Chinese scientists participating in the great anti-fascist war with science as a weapon.This kind of collaboration between the government and scientists in China is a typical representative of science and technology mobilization in less-developed countries.This study is a supplement to the previous research focusing on top-down science and technology mobilization.

关 键 词：科技动员 抗日战争 清华大学 特种研究 反法西斯科学共同体 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]