长期覆膜旱作和施用包膜尿素对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分的影响  

Effects of long-term non-flooding plastic film mulching and application of coated urea on rice yield,nitrogen use efficiency and soil nutrients

作　　者：祁通 汤胜 周静杰 马庆旭 吴良欢[1] QI Tong;TANG Sheng;ZHOU Jingjie;MA Qingxu;WU Lianghuan(Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment,College of Environmental and Resource Sciences,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,Zhejiang,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学环境与资源学院,浙江省农业资源与环境重点实验室,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）》2024年第1期109-122,136,共15页Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture and Life Sciences

基　　金：农田智慧施肥项目(05);浙江省宁波市重大科技任务攻关项目(2021Z101)。

摘　　要：水稻覆膜旱作栽培(non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation,PM)是以地膜覆盖为核心来实现水稻节水生产的综合集成创新技术。然而,在覆盖地膜后,氮肥只能在移栽前作为基肥一次性施用,导致水稻前期营养生长过盛和生育后期潜在缺氮,从而限制了水稻高产。聚合物包膜尿素(polymer coated urea,CR)是一种控释氮肥,在传统淹水栽培(traditional flooding cultivation,TF)模式下已成为提高作物产量和氮肥利用率的最佳管理措施之一,但尚未在PM模式下进行长期定位试验评估。本研究以高产中熟籼型杂交稻‘两优培九’为供试水稻品种,比较在PM和TF 2种栽培模式下施用CR和普通尿素(urea,UR)对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:与UR相比,在TF和PM模式下施用CR使水稻氮肥利用率分别提高9.2%和15.4%(P<0.05),使水稻产量分别提高8.6%和15.0%(P<0.05)。与TF模式相比,PM模式加速了土壤有机质的分解,降低了土壤全氮、碱解氮含量。与施用UR相比,在PM模式下施用CR能缓解土壤全氮、碱解氮含量的下降,并使经济效益提高16.8%。综上所述,施用CR是解决在PM模式下水稻生育后期缺氮问题的有效途径。Non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation(PM)for rice is a comprehensive and innovative technology that utilizes plastic film covering as the core to achieve water-saving rice production.However,after mulching with plastic film,nitrogen(N)fertilizer can only be applied once as a basal fertilizer before transplanting,which will lead to excessive vegetative growth at the early stage and potential N deficiency at the late growth stage,thereby limiting the high yield of rice.Polymer coated urea(CR)is a controlled release N fertilizer that has become one of the best management measures for improving crop yield and N use efficiency under a traditional flooding cultivation(TF)pattern,but it has not been evaluated in a long-term positioning test under the PM pattern.In this study,taking the high-yielding and medium-maturing indica hybrid rice cultivar‘Liangyoupeijiu’as a test material,the effects of applying CR and urea(UR)on rice yield,N use efficiency and soil nutrient contents were compared under the PM and TF patterns.The results showed that,compared with applying UR,applying CR under the TF and PM patterns improved the N use efficiency by 9.2%and 15.4%,respectively(P<0.05),and increased the rice yield by 8.6%and 15.0%,respectively(P<0.05).Compared with the TF pattern,the PM pattern accelerated the decomposition of soil organic matter and reduced the contents of total N and alkali hydrolyzable N in the soil.Compared with applying UR,applying CR under the PM pattern alleviated the decrease of the total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N contents in the soil and increased the economic benefits by 16.8%.In summary,applying CR is an effective way to solve the problem of N deficiency at the late growth stage of rice under the PM pattern.

关 键 词：水稻 覆膜旱作栽培 控释氮肥 氮肥利用率 经济效益 作物产量 土壤养分 

分 类 号：S36[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术] S511.21[农业科学—农艺学]