贵州枇杷种质资源分布及其产业发展概述  

Overview of the distribution and industrial development of loquat germplasm resources in Guizhou

作　　者：杨勇胜[1] 王道静 陈阳松 范付华[2] 魏椿[1] 余桃 江旭升[1] 李庆宏[1] 李斌 陈树红[1] YANG Yongsheng;WANG Daojing;CHEN Yangsong;FAN Fuhua;WEI Chun;YU Tao;JIANG Xusheng;LI Qinghong;LI Bin;CHEN Shuhong(Guiyang Agricultural Test Center,Guiyang 550018,Guizhou,China;College of Forestry,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,Gui-zhou,China)

机构地区：[1]贵阳市农业试验中心,贵阳550018 [2]贵州大学林学院,贵阳550025

出　　处：《果树学报》2024年第2期338-352,共15页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：贵州省农业科技攻关项目(黔科合NY[2014]3023号);贵州省精品水果现代农业技术体系(GZYTX2018);贵州省农业科技创新联盟科技协同项目(黔农科创联盟合[2022]01号);贵阳现代农业种质资源创新与技术集成试验示范(筑财编[2022]1号文件)。

摘　　要：贵州立体气候突出,野生枇杷种质资源丰富,性状差异性明显。目前已找到普通枇杷、大花枇杷、小叶枇杷3个种类,普通枇杷在全省广泛分布,大花枇杷主要分布在黔东南州雷公山一带,小叶枇杷主要分布在黔西南州兴义市一带。贵州省枇杷商品化栽培始于1958年,由黔东南州率先从江苏、浙江、福建等省引进优良品种进行试验示范。进入20世纪80年代中后期,贵阳市、黔南州、黔西南州等各地州(市)相继开展引种试验及小规模推广应用。截至2010年,在贵阳市、黔东南州、毕节市等地区拥有了万亩以上的规模化种植。特别是2015年以来,贵州各地枇杷种植生产发展速度迅猛,据2022年贵州省农业农村厅统计数据,全省枇杷种植面积已达2.3万hm^(2),年产量16.3万t,产值达17.1亿元,鲜果采摘期超过2个月。但栽培技术与管理水平仍较低,面积上升与产量增长不成正比,全省平均每666.7 m^(2)商品果产量不足500 kg,提升空间很大。存在问题主要为,一是缺乏地方规范的引、试、推制度体系,盲目性引种,造成品种混杂,良莠不齐,商品性低;二是对遗传优良性状的种质资源挖掘不足,缺乏地方特色的主导品种,市场竞争力不强;三是枇杷品牌创建与营销策略意识不强,形成行业内竞争压价销售,影响效益;四是鲜果产后冷链及深加工产品技术研发滞后,产业附加值增长有限;五是旱涝寒暑等极端天气频繁出现,山地果园设施栽培配套条件滞后,抗风险能力不强等。主要围绕贵州枇杷种质资源分布特征、引种与育种、栽培技术演变、产业发展及其制约因子等方面进行了分析,尝试提出贵州枇杷产业当前与未来的主要任务,以推动枇杷产业高质量发展。Guizhou has a prominent three-dimensional climate,abundant wild loquat germplasm re-sources and significant differences in traits.According to the survey from Lin Shunquan et al.,there are six species of loquat in Guizhou,namely common loquat,large-flowered loquat,small-leaved loquat,narrow-leaved loquat,narrow-leaved mutation loquat and Tengyue loquat.At present,our research group has found three species of common loquat,large-flowered loquat and small-leaved loquat,which are preserved in the Loquat Germplasm Resource Nursery of Guizhou Province.Common loquat is widely distributed in whole Guizhou province,with large flower loquat mainly distributing in Leigong mountain,southeast Guizhou,and small leaf loquat mainly distributing in Xingyi City,southwest Gui-zhou.The distribution characteristics of wild Eriobotrya plants are as follows:from northeast to south-west,the tree types change from“small tree”or“small tree-tree”to“tree”,the leaves change from small leaf to large leaf,the back hairs change from dense to thin,and the leaf edges become wider.The size of the inflorescence changes gradually from small to large,the arrangement closeness between the branches and flowers changes from tight to loose,the branches change from falling and curling to flat and sloping up,the branches become slender,and the shape of the inflorescence changes from short con-ical to long conical.The soluble solid content,total sugar content and solid acid ratio in the fruit show the trend of high to low,and the leaf spot resistance from strong to weak.Commercial cultivation of lo-quat in Guizhou province began around 1958,and Qiandongnan Prefecture took the lead in introducing fine varieties from Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian and other provinces for cultivation experiments.In the mid-dle and late 1980s,Guiyang City,Qiannan Prefecture,Qianxinan Prefecture and other prefectures(cit-ies)successively carried out introduction experiments and small-scale promotion and application.By 2010,there were over 10000 acres of large-scale plantin

关 键 词：枇杷 贵州 种质资源 分布 产业 

分 类 号：S667.3[农业科学—果树学]