债务人迟延催告要件的制度功能与体系定位  

Institutional Function and System Orientation of Prerequisite of Reminder for Deferred Debt

作　　者：张弘毅 Zhang Hongyi

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第2期118-133,共16页Law Science

摘　　要：若债务人迟延以催告为要件,则仍有必要区分不同的违约形态,催告要件因而具有违约责任体系建构的意义。《民法典》第511条第4项在文义上存在“自动到期+无需催告”“催告到期”“自动到期+催告迟延”等多种解释可能。认为不采催告要件可以督促债务人主动履行、遏制“支付道德恶化”现象的新近有力观点有违《民法典》第511条第4项的立法原意;此外,舍弃催告要件意义微弱,“支付道德恶化”现象的成因在于公共机构和大型企业的市场垄断地位,需要通过转变损害填平思维、加大制裁力度、降低程序成本等手段解决。坚持催告要件具有两重实质正当性:其一,如无特别情事,当事人未约定履行期时,大多期待由债权人根据自己的需求情况嗣后指定履行期,催告到期规则构成当事人的应有合意;其二,当个案情事表明当事人期待从速履行时,催告要件能够缓和债务人迟延法的制裁性后果,更加符合比例原则。对催告与债务到期的关系也应针对上述两种情形分别讨论。If the debtor's delay is subject to the requirement of notice, it is still necessary to distinguish between different forms of breaches, and the requirement of notice is therefore of great significance for the construction of contract law theory. Article 511(4) of the Chinese Civil Code is subject to various interpretations, such as “automatically due and delay, without notice”, “due and delay after notice”, and “automatically due, but delay after notice”. The recent view that the absence of the requirement of notice can urge the debtor to perform on his own initiative and curb the phenomenon of “deterioration of payment moral” is contrary to the legislative intent. Moreover, abandoning the requirement of notice only brings about trivial effects. The true cause of the aforementioned phenomenon is the monopolistic position of public institutions and large enterprises, which needs to be solved by increasing sanctions and reducing procedural costs. When the parties do not agree specifically on the performance period, most of time they expect the creditor to designate the performance period later according to his demand, and the interpretation “due and delay after notice” constitutes the implied term in the contract. When the circumstances indicate that the debtor is expected to perform promptly, the interpretation “automatically due, but delay after notice” can moderate the sanctioning consequences of the debtor's delay rules and is more in line with the principle of proportionality. The relationship between the requirement of notice and due is also to be discussed respectively for the above two situations.

关 键 词：债务人迟延 催告 按需供应 责任加重 到期 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D925.1[政治法律—法学]